- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
UNIT 7
ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of the living organism and also on the kind of the environment it lives in.
Physical and biological factors act to make a wide variety of environments in different parts of the world. Conditions are rather constant in some tropical lands and seas, but over much of the Earth the temperature and moisture relations and sunlight change markedly with the season.
The life of each plant or animal species is closely connected with the life of plants or animals of other species. No animal lives entirely to itself. On the contrary, each is part of an integrated living community that includes representatives of its kind, many different types of animals and plants of few or many kinds.
Animals and plants are affected by various physical and chemical factors, the most important being sunlight, temperature, water, physical substrate, gases and some others. All the factors mentioned are interrelated and none acts independently.
Sunlight provides energy used by plants in photosynthesis, but it also warms animal environment and animals themselves. Sunlight raises the temperature of water leading to evaporation which in turn results in precipitation of rain and snow.
Water is the solvent for soil nutrients used by plants as food. It is a necessity for maintaining animal life and is the medium in which many animals live.
It is interesting to note that attempts to change the weather processes over wide areas have not had much success. However, it is possible to make some changes in the microclimate, that is, in the environment near the organisms. Most of the methods used are aimed at changing either the water balance or the heat balance of an area. As these two things are interrelated, a change in one results in a change in the other. For example, the use of greenhouses or different materials to cover the soil changes the heat balance of an area and leads to different requirements for water.
In addition to changing the local climate, one can discover and develop those useful plants and animals that grow best in the given environment, and restrict or destroy those that are harmful. Considerable progress has been made in breeding suitable plants and animals and in this way it is possible to extend the production into areas they have not grown before.
47
Notes on the text |
|
markedly |
помітно |
solvent |
розчинник |
nutrient |
поживна речовина |
in turn |
у свою чергу |
the medium |
середовище |
attempts |
спроби, намагання |
evapоration |
випаровування |
maintain |
підтримувати, зберігати,надавати підтримку |
extend |
простягнути (ся), розширювати, поширювати |
restrict |
обмежувати, уміщувати |
requirement |
вимога, необхідна умова, необхідність, потреба |
breed |
виводити, розводити (тварин) |
suitable |
відповідний, придатний |
Post-text exercises
1.Answer the questions:
1.How does the life of every living organism depend on the kind of the environment it lives in ?
2.How do conditions change with the season ?
3.Is the life of each plant or animal species connected with the life of plants or animals of other species?
4.How do various physical and chemical factors affect animals and plants?
2.Decide whether the following statements are true or false:
1.The life of every living organism depends on the physical environment it lives in.
2.The living environment and non-living or physical environment are closely interrelated.
3.In all parts of the world the environmental conditions change greatly with the season.
4.An animal is part of nature because there are many other animals and plants in the environment it lives in.
5.It is a well-known fact that no physical or chemical factor acts independently.
6.Sunlight and water are highly interrelated.
7.Microclimate can be changed by changing the water balance of the area.
8.Changing the temperature of an area one usually changes the
48
water regime as well.
9. It is possible to change the plant or animal life in an environment by developing and growing new varieties of plants and breeds of animals suitable to that environment.
3. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
evapоration |
опади |
maintain |
розводити |
restrict |
значний |
breed |
випаровування |
considerable |
впливати |
affect |
волога |
precipitation |
представники |
moisture |
обмежувати |
representatives |
підтримувати |
attempts |
випаровування |
4. Translate the following paying attention to participles.
living organism energy used by plants
temperature of water leading to evaporation most of the methods used
all the factors mentioned in the given environment closely connected
solved problem
identified by botanists and zoologists
5. Translate word combinations into Ukranian in written form.
temperature and moisture relations change markedly
living community soil nutrients
maintaining animal life
different requirements for water breeding suitable plants
to extend the production considerable progress
6. Group the following words into synonym pairs :
to need, purpose, to grow, quantity, to become, next, to eat, various, to restrict, to provide, to help, wet, to influence, to require, wood,
49
also, to get, to supply, aim , amount, to limit, to cultivate, different, moist, to assist, following, to affect, to consume, too, forest.
7. Group the following words into antonym pairs:
small, to ask, poor, useless, to appear, possible, seldom, long, dependence, wide, to decrease, harmful, warm, rich, old, big, impossible, to answer, useful, narrow, young, short, high, independence, harmless, to increase, often, to disappear, cold, low.
8.Give a brief summary of the text.
9.Test your vocabulary.
1.The food-making process is called ..... .
A harvesting B fertilizing C watering
D photosynthesis
2.A group of similar and related organisms. A grains
B crops C species
D herbicides
3. ..... is an aspect of the environment related to organisms or their interactions.
AВiotic factor
BАbiotic factor
CPhysical factor
DParticular location
4. .... is non-living component of the environment, such as soil, nutrients, light, fire, or moisture.
AВiotic factor
BАbiotic factor
CPhysical factor
DParticular location
5. All the organisms living together in a particular location.
Aenvironment
Bcommunity
Cecoregion
Dhabitat
50
6.Water that returns to the earth as rain, hail, sleet, or snow. A Precipitation
B Evaporation C Interrelation D Acidification
7.Any food or element an organism must take in to live, grow, or reproduce.
A insects
B substance C nutrient D harvesting
8.A mixture made by dissolving a substance in a liquid, such as water solution.
A Substance B Compound C Solution D Amount
9.All living things, including people, plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.
ASpecies
BVarieties
CPatterns
DOrganism
10. A structure, usually made of glass or clear plastic, that provides a protected, controlled environment for raising plants indoors.
AHabitat
BGreenhouse
CSurrounding
DPatch
11. .... is the directed development of crops through the selection of parent plants expressing desired traits.
AInterrelating
BBreeding
CHarvesting
DRaising
Grammar Issues to Be Revised
1.Future Simple (Active, Passive) 2.Future-in-the-Past.
51
1. Put the following sentences into Future Simple.
1.I spend my summer holidays in the country. 2.Our engineer left for Kyiv on Monday. 3.She agrees with him.
4.My brother is a driver.
5.Her husband worked at the factory.
6.They found each other at this crowded airport. 7.Peter helps my wife and me with our tax returns. 8.Virginia doesn’t have enough information. 9.She borrowed my key to get into the apartment.
2.Make up questions.
Model: I can’t do this work myself (help you) Will I/we help you?
1.I haven’t got a dictionary. (bring your mine tomorrow). 2.Jane wants to go to the theatre. (buy the tickets).
3.I’m sure Martin is hungry. (take some sandwiches for him). 4.It’s very stuffy in the room. (open the window).
5.I can’t read in the dark. ( switch on the light).
6.It’s too late to telephone Tom now. (phone him in the morning). 7.I don’t know where the library is. (take you there).
8.Ann is late as usual. ( wait for her some more minutes).
3.Put the verbs in brackets into Future Indefinite or Future-in-the-Past.
1.Experts (to say) that in the 21st century hydrogen (obtaine) by thermochemical decomposition of water.
2.I (to hear) that the problem of acid rain (to increase) in Central Europe. 3.Tomorrow they (to add) lime to this lake.
4.In future power plants (to cut) their sulfur dioxide emissions.
5.The new amendment (to enable) engineers to reduce the acidity of rain. 6.Scientists (to say) that sulfuric and nitric acids (to pollute) any wet precipitation.
4.In the list of the given verbs find those used in Future Indefinite Tense (Active or Passive).
Includes, will become, to increase, will be added, have been said, will limit, is protected, would be saved, contained, will be, are avoided, will be affected.
5. Make the sentences in Future Indefinite negative and interrogative as in the example.
Example: They'll be at home this evening.
52
They won't be at home this evening.
Will they be at home this evening?
1.The cities of the future will have much greener surroundings and much faster means of transport.
2.Houses will be inhabited by one-family households. 3.Students will complete this exercise in 10 minutes. 4.I'll phone you tomorrow.
5.By the year 2150 the inhabitants of our planet will exceed the 700 billion mark.
6.This will cause a very serious problem of over-population.
6. Choose the verb (a,b) that best completes the sentences.
1.She ...her report at 5 o'clock.
a) will finish b) will be finished
2.Our university ... a new hostel next year. a) will build b) will be built
3.We ... to think of new ways of living and working. a) will begin b) would begin
4.Humans ... new and interesting animals because they can leam from them.
a) will be looked for b) will look for
5.Only a strictly scientific approach to the industrial-technological development ... to settle all global and local ecological problems. a) will be able b) would be able
6.Not only individuals, but also nations ... work together to ensure survival.
a) will be have to b) will have to
7.GMCs …. the use of chemical pesticides. a) will be reduced b) will reduce
7. Make up sentences.
Model: |
We will go to the river. The weather will be fine (if). |
|
We will go to the river if the weather is fine. |
1.Air will circulate better. You will open the door (if).
2.Dad will buy a new car. We’ll go to the sea-side by car next summer (if).
53
3.I’ll send you a telegram. I’ll arrive in Moscow (as soon as). 4.Mary will stay with our daughter. We’ll be at the theatre (while). 5.She’ll loork after him. He’ll be well again (till).
6.I’ll see my brother. I’ll go to St. Petersburg (if). 7.We’ll discuss it with Den. He’ll come to see us (when). 8.I’ll stay in Kyiv. I’ll finish my business there (till).
8.Use the Present Simple or Future Simple instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1.If we _______ (use) buses, we _______ (have) less pollution.
2.If we _______ (plant) new trees, rainforests _______ (not, disappear).
3.If we _______ (create) special parks for animals, they _______ (not, be) in danger.
4.If we _______ (create) more parks in our cities, they _______ (be) nicer places to live in.
5.If public transport _______ (be) better, people (use) it more.
6.If we _______ (save) water from our baths and use it for the garden, the cities _______ (be) greener.
7.If we _______ (repair) leaking pipes, many cities _______ (get) more water.
9.Complete the sentences.
1.When I have a picnic on the beach, …
2.If we have more green areas in our cities and villages, …
3.If our authorities improve public transport, …
4.If people use more bicycles, …
5.If people recycle things, …
6.If we create more parks, …
7.If I win £1.000.000, …
8.When I have a lot of old newspapers, …
10.Answer the questions using Future Simple .
1.What will happen if acid rain kills trees and plants?
2.What will happen if public transport is better?
3.What will happen if hunters continue to kill endangered animals?
4.What will happen when trees disappear?
5.What will happen if we use more water at home?
6.What will there be if factories use the same water several times?
7.What will happen if water companies make people pay a lot more?
8.What will happen if people stop using aerosols?
9.What will happen if people don’t use so much paper?
54