- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
І am going to learn French |
Я збираюсь (маю намір) вивчати |
next year. |
французьку мову наступного року. |
3.Дієприкметник ,І що |
вживається самостійно без допоміжного |
дієслова, має властивості прикметника й виконує в реченні функцію означення, тобто відповідає на питання який? яка? У цьому випадку дієприкметник І (V + ing) перекладається українською мовою дієприкметником з суфіксами -ач, -яч, -уч, -юч, дієприкметниковим зворотом або підрядним означальним реченням.
Look |
at the |
girl standing |
Подивись на дівчину, |
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at the |
window. |
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яка стоїть біля вікна. |
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ДІЄСЛОВА, ЩО НЕ ВЖИВАЮТЬСЯ У ФОРМІ |
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PRESENT CONTINUOUS |
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see |
want |
like |
know |
believe |
hear |
wish |
love |
realize |
remember |
taste |
need |
hate |
understand |
forget |
smell |
mean |
dislike |
recognize |
seem |
feel |
think |
have |
be |
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ЧАСИ ГРУПИ CONTINUOUS
(Тривалі часи)
Часи групи Continuous — Present, Past і Future Continuous
утворюються |
за |
допомогою |
допоміжного |
дієсловаto be |
у |
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відповідному |
(теперішньому, минулому чи майбутньому) часі |
й |
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форми Participle І (дієприкметника І) смислового дієслова: |
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Be + V ing |
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The Present |
Continuous |
Tense (теперішній тривалий час) |
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виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається в момент мовлення . |
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/ am reading a newspaper now. |
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Я читаю газету зараз. |
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Не / she is reading a book now. |
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Він / вона зараз читає книгу. |
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We / you / they are reading now. |
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Ми/ти/ви/вони зараз читають. |
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The Past Continuous Tense
The Past Continuous Tense (минулий тривалий час) утворюється за допомогою дієслова to be в минулому часі –
was / were + V ing
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Стверджувальна |
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Питальна |
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Заперечна |
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форма |
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форма |
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форма |
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I |
was working |
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Was I working? |
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I wasn't working |
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Не was working |
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Was he working? |
He wasn't working |
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She was working |
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Was she working |
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She wasn't working |
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It was working |
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Was it working? |
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I wasn't working |
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We were working |
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Were we working? |
We weren't working |
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You were working |
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Were you working? |
You weren't working |
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They were working |
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Were they working? |
They weren't working |
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Past |
Continuous |
виражає |
минулу |
дію в |
процесі |
її виконання, |
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тобто |
незакінчену |
тривалу |
.дію Українською |
мовою |
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він |
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перекладається минулим часом дієслова недоконаного виду. |
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Past |
Continuous вживається для |
вираження тривалої дії, |
що |
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почалася |
до певного |
часу в |
минулому досій |
відбувається в |
цей |
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момент або в певний проміжок часу. Момент виконання дії може вказуватися:
а) такими позначеннями часу:
at 7 o'clock (o 7 годині), at noon (опівдні), at midnight (опівночі), at that
moment (тоді, у той момент), all day long (цілий |
день), |
from 5 till 7 |
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o'clock (з 5 до 7 години); |
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б) іншою |
минулою |
дією, вираженою |
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дієсловом |
Pastу |
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Indefinite: |
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Не was reading а book |
at 5. |
Він читав |
книгу |
о 5 |
годині. |
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Не was reading when |
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Він читав книгу, коли |
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I entered the room. |
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я зайшов до кімнати. |
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The Future Continuous Tense |
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will be + V ing |
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Стверджувальна |
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Питальна |
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Заперечна |
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форма |
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форма |
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форма |
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I shall be working |
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Snall I be working? |
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I shan't be working |
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He will |
be working |
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Will he be working? |
He will not (won't) be |
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working |
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She will be working |
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Will |
she be working? |
She will not (won't) be |
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working |
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