- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
UNIT 9
POLLUTION
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the environment. Pollution can be in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, but are considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels. Pollution is often categorized into point source and nonpoint source pollution. There are many types of pollution happening today.Our scientists are working with industry, regulators and the community to combat air, land and water pollution. Pollution threatens environmental sustainability and can have harmful effects on human health.
It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
air pollution: Urban and regional air pollution is a significant environmental threat. Industry, power generation and motor vehicles release pollutants that can lead to photochemical smog, haze and acidification. Air pollution also has very negative effects on our atmosphere. There is a hole in our ozone due to pollution in the air. If this hole gets bigger we won’t be as protected from the sunlight and it's heat. Many years from now this could pose a serious threat to humans.
land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
water pollution: Pollution from sewage and drainage into rivers and oceans also is a serious problem for our environment. The water can be polluted by chemical and product leaks, which may cause the animals who live in the water to get sick. Animals who are high up on the food chain can also get sick from toxic build up in their bodies from eating other affected animals and plants.
Notes on the text
damage - збиток; втрата; шкода; пошкодження
excess – 1) надлишок, надмір 2) нестриманість; непомірність combat - битися, боротися
threaten - погрожувати, загрожувати release - звільняти, визволяти; випускати haze - 1. n імла, туман 2. v затуманювати hole - 1) діра, дірка; отвір
pose - 1) показувати 2) ставати в позу, позувати 3) формулювати, викладати; ставити, пропонувати (питання, завдання)
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