- •НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ ТА ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ
- •АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
- •Посібник
- •Навчальне видання
- •Укладач: РИТІКОВА ЛАРИСА ЛЕОНІДІВНА
- •CONTENTS
- •WHAT IS ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Make the sentences negative.
- •DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Adjectives
- •Adverbs
- •sometimes
- •nowadays
- •never
- •already
- •naturally
- •mainly
- •certainly
- •often
- •unfortunately
- •scientifically
- •recently
- •seldom
- •rather
- •somewhere
- •either
- •practically
- •particularly
- •since
- •AN ECOLOGIST IS …
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •HISTORY OF ECOLOGY
- •Notes on the text
- •1.The portion of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist or that is capable of supporting life.
- •2. The combined differences of living things, generally classified in four broad categories.
- •1.the outer layer
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •ECOSYSTEM
- •Notes on the text
- •Post-text exercises
- •to interact
- •поживна речовина
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •1. Modal verbs.
- •ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CHANGING
- •Notes on the text
- •THE MAIN PROCESSES IN ECOSYSTEMS
- •Notes on the text
- •10. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi that decompose dead plants and animals.
- •1. Organisms (specifically, animals) that are not able to produce their own food and must eat other organisms.
- •A Сonsumers
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •4. Open the brackets and put the proper form of verbs.
- •2. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi ..... decompose dead plants and animals.
- •POLLUTION
- •It is a complex and far reaching problem and includes:
- •land pollution: Land pollution can be caused by poor agricultural practices, pesticide use, mineral exploitation, industrial discharges and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes.
- •Notes on the text
- •2. Pollution effects have on human harmful can health.
- •2. Pollution can have harmful effects on …. .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •Notes on the text
- •What do you know about radioactive contamination?
- •What problems can pollution bring?
- •7.Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •PRESERVATION OF NATURE
- •Notes on the text
- •3. Many species of animals and birds face extinction due to ...... .
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •B.:He (she) has read the journals too.
- •1. to look through the latest political events;
- •2. to be to the University;
- •3. to read the offer from the dean’s office;
- •4. to listen to the BBC English lessons;
- •5. to see a TV program about octopuses and snails.
- •B.:No, I haven’t. I have not read this journal yet.
- •1. to be to London;
- •2. to attend English classes;
- •3. to look through the latest biochemical papers;
- •4. to listen to this compact disk.
- •5. to watch this film
- •Example 3. (to go to Las Vegas)
- •2. Make up sentences using Present Perfect Tense.
- •ever – коли-небудь (питання)
- •3.Make up questions.
- •Exampe: A.Have you discussed the terms of the summer session with your dean yet?
- •B.We have already discussed the terms of the summer session with our dean, but we have not discussed the terms of our clinical practice yet.
- •4. Make up sentences using Past Perfect Tense.
- •before they sent their letter – до того, як вони надіслали свого листа
- •Example: He had translated the text by five o’clock.
- •(to translate the article, to learn to speak Spanish, to finish one’s work, to loose one’s textbook, to fulfill one’s plan, to look through the catalogue).
- •2.Our group had translated the article about preservation of nature by 6 o’clock.
- •UNIT 12
- •POLLUTION IN UKRAINE
- •Notes on the text
- •Notes on the text
- •When you only partially
- •7. Read and translate the following text:
- •HYDROGEN AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
- •PROBLEMS OF THE PLANET
- •Notes on the text
- •Grammar Issues to Be Revised
- •2. The Complex Sentences.
- •14. We'll go to the party if he ______ us.
- •Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater).
- •Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of water; and, in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.
- •Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.
- •ACID RAINS
- •WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?
- •Text 9
- •Ecosystem as Landscape Building Block
- •An Agroecosystem Model
- •Text 10
- •FARMING AND NATURAL RESOURCES
- •The Past Continuous Tense
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT CONTINUOUS В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •ЗВЕДЕНА ТАБЛИЦЯ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ЧАСІВ
- •В АКТИВНОМУ СТАНІ
- •І worked –
- •Я працював
- •CONTINUOUS
- •PERFECT
- •PASSIVE VOICE
- •ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН ДІЄСЛОВА
- •SIMPLE (INDEFINITE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) PASSIVE TENSES
- •PERFECT PASSIVE TENSES
- •Tense
- •Affirmative
- •Interrogative
- •Negative
- •Головне речення
- •Підрядне речення
- •giving
- •being given
- •РЕЧЕННЯ. ТИПИ РЕЧЕНЬ
- •ПРИСУДОК (THE PREDICATE)
- •ДРУГОРЯДНІ ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ
- •(THE SECONDARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCE).
- •ДОДАТОК (THE OBJECT)
- •ОЗНАЧЕННЯ (THE ATTRIBUTE)
- •ОБСТАВИНИ (THE ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS)
- •ОСНОВНI ПРЕФIКСИ ТА ЇХ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Значення
- •Таблиця основних нестандартних (неправильних) дієслів
- •Drought. An extended period of unusually low rainfall.
- •Fauna .
- •Фауна.
- •Глобальне потепління.
- •Парникові гази.
- •Microclimate.
- •Озон. Форма кисню з трьох атомів кисню, який формує озоновий шар.
- •Збереження.
- •АНГЛО-УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ СЛОВНИК
- •СПИСОК ЛІТЕРАТУРИ
- •Навчальне видання
C: - OK. I see. Who are ecologists in general?
E: - Ecologists study the relationships between living things and their environment. They can be teachers or research scientists. Ecologists may work at zoos and aquariums.
Grammar Issues to Be Revised
1. Present Simple. 2.The noun.
1. In the list of given words find those used in Present Simple.
Have isolated, sends, managed, become, didn't give, will affect, don't respect, isn't, has treated, has, had defined, uses, was destroying, doesn't help, will be making, are, have been interacting, am.
2.Make the sentences negative.
1.Students of our group understand the meaning of the word "habitat".
2.We are future ecologists.
3.Our department is doing well.
4.Ecology gives understanding of nature's structure.
5.Our actions affect our shared recourses.
3.Make up questions of the following set of words:
1.does what mean ecology?
2.ecologists do study what ?
3.ecology of organisms the study and their relationship with their surroundings is?
4. ecology does give of nature's structure and function an understanding changes over time?
4. Say that he, she, it does the same. Model: I want to study ecology.
He wants to study ecology too.
1.We recognize that even small local events can have global consequences.
2.Inexpensive computer systems help with their work.
3.Companies sometimes employ inexperienced ecologists.
4.Not all the people are fond of today ecological situation.
5.We often use financial data in our work.
5.Use the verbs in brackets in Present Simple.
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1.Ecologists (to use) knowledge from many disciplines.
2.The multidisciplinary approach (to aid) ecologists in solving the environmental problems.
3.All progress (to depend) on the unreasonable man.
4.Life (to exist) primarily at the intersection of land (lithosphere), air (atmosphere), and water (hydrosphere).
5.Stability (not to mean) that all of the parts of an ecosystem operate in perfect harmony.
6.Many ecologists (to believe) that we humans break the rules at our peril.
7.Ecology ( to give) an understanding of nature's structure and function changes over time.
8.The environment of an organism ( to include) both the physical properties.
9.Ecology (to be) a multi-disciplinary science.
10.Ecology (to draw) heavily on many other branches of science.
11.As a scientific discipline, ecology ( not/ to dictate) what is "right" or "wrong".
12.Note that these different systems (to unrelate) and often applied at the same time.
13.What the term ecology (to mean)?
14.This remarkable ecological system (not/to be) dependent on sunlight.
6.Fill in the blanks with the necessary form of the verb "to be". (am, is, are, was, were, will be)
1.Who ... ecologists in general?
2.I... going to study the reasons of greenhouse affect.
3.Ecology ... defined as the study of of living things, their environment, and the relation between the two.
4.We ... good specialists in 4 years.
5.Chernobyl tragedy … the result of a human error.
6.Citizens of the earth ... always dependent on natural resources and one another.
7.She ... watching an interesting discussion of ecological problems on TV for an hour yesterday.
7.Make up the sentences using the table.
Твердження (+) |
Питання (?) |
Заперечення (-) |
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загальне |
спеціальне |
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Sometimes |
Do bacteria |
What do bacteria |
Bacteria don’t |
bacteria cause a |
sometimes cause a |
cause sometimes? |
cause a disease |
disease |
disease? |
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8 |
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1.Ecology gives an understanding of nature's structure and function changes over time.
2.Ecologists use knowledge from many disciplines.
3.Biology includes botany, zoology, microbiology and genetics.
4.Ecosystem ecology studies the flows of energy.
5.We enjoy wild animals and plants because they make the earth more pleasant place to live.
8.Write the plural. Read the words and translate them into Ukrainian.
1) man |
a) mice |
2) woman |
b) feet |
3) child |
c) women |
4) mouse |
d) geese |
5) tooth |
e) men |
6) foot |
f) children |
7) goose |
g) oxen |
8) fish |
h) fish |
9) swine |
i) teeth |
10) deer |
j) bacteria |
11) ox |
k) swine |
12) sheep |
l) deer |
13) bacterium |
m) sheep |
9.Complete the table.
singular |
plural |
translation |
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shelves |
shelf |
полиці-полиця |
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wives |
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wolves |
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loaves |
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roofs |
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knives |
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leaves |
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halves |
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lives |
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10. Read the words and translate them into Ukrainian.
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singular |
plural |
translation |
analysis |
analyses |
________________ |
axis |
axes |
________________ |
bacterium |
bacteria |
________________ |
crisis |
crises |
________________ |
criterion |
criteria |
________________ |
datum |
data |
________________ |
focus |
foci |
________________ |
formula |
formulae |
________________ |
fungus |
fungi |
________________ |
genus |
genera |
________________ |
nucleus |
nuclei |
________________ |
phenomenon |
phenomena |
________________ |
radius |
radii |
________________ |
stimulus |
stimuli |
________________ |
11. Determine form (singular or plural) of the following nouns:
Fungi, organisms, species, animals, fish, land, life, bodies, deer, mice, monkey, milk, supply, sheep, oxen, sources, bacteria, data, analysis, nucleus, phenomena, stimulus, crisis.
12. Mark the letter 'C' (countable) |
and the letter 'U' (uncountable) |
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nouns:- |
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1. advice |
______ |
11. suitcase |
______ |
2. plate |
______ |
12. behaviour |
______ |
3. money |
______ |
13. honey |
______ |
4. safe |
______ |
14. weather |
______ |
5. accommodation ______ |
15. scenery |
______ |
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6. deer |
______ |
16. child |
______ |
7. car |
______ |
17. friend |
______ |
8. furniture |
______ |
18. oxygen |
______ |
9. piece |
______ |
19. exercise |
______ |
10. can |
______ |
20. coffee |
______ |
13. Choose the correct verb form:
1.Some people never do/does any exercise.
2.Physics was/were my best subject at school.
3.There is/are a pair of socks under the bed.
4.Fortunately the news wasn’t/weren’t as bad as we had expected.
5.His new clothes was/were very expensive.
6.Tree days isn’t/aren’t long enough for a good holiday.
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7.I can’t find the stairs in this building. Where is/are they?
8.Does/Do the police know about the stolen money?
9.The police is/are looking for the criminal.
10.I’m going to take a taxi. Six miles is/are too far for me to walk.
11.Your hair need/needs cutting.
12.There was/were a lot of people at the cinema last night.
13.My shorts is/are made of silk.
14.Do the grammar test.
1.He …….. how to use the card catalog in the library.
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A don’t know |
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B doesn’t know |
C not to know |
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2. |
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Last Saturday we went fishing, but we didn’t catch ..... . |
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A |
fish |
B |
fishs |
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C |
fishes |
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3. She ..... her present flat. |
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A |
don’t like |
B doesn’t like |
C |
not like |
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4. Where …… your aunt work? |
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A |
is |
B are |
C does |
D |
do |
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5. |
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It … in this part of the world. |
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A |
is often raining |
C often rain |
B |
often rains |
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6. |
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Your trousers … in the wardrobe. |
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A are |
B is |
C |
was |
D isn’t |
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7. Bad news … people happy. |
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A doesn’t make |
B don’t make |
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8. |
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Your money …in your handbag. |
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A is |
B are |
C was |
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9.I have a car, but I |
…… it very often. |
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A |
don’t use |
B not use |
C |
doesn’t use |
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10.All children … a lot of sweets. |
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A eats |
B is eating |
C eat |
D |
eated |
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UNIT 2
11