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UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
42. destination
43. decoder
[ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃən]
[ˈdiːkəʊdə]
назначение
декодер, дешифратор
44. to indicate
[ˈɪndɪkeɪt]
указывать, показывать
45. transmission
46. to govern
[trænzˈmɪʃən]
[ˈgʌvən]
передача
управлять, руководить
47. properties
48. interaction
[ˈprɒpətiz]
[ˌɪntərˈækʃən]
свойства
взаимодействие
TEXT
COMMUNICATION — BASICS & MODELS
(1) A famous quote says — “The way we communicate with
others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality
of our lives.”
(2) The process of passing any information from one person to the other person with the aid of some medium is termed
as communication.
(3) The first party who sends the information is called the
sender and the second party who receives the information, decodes the information and accordingly responds is called the
receiver or the recipient. Thus in simpler terms communication is simply a process where the sender sends the information to the receiver for him to respond.
Sender ----------------------------------- Receiver
Information
The Communication process:
(4) Communication process is a simple process where
a message is being transferred from a sender to the receiver.
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UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
The receiver after receiving the message understands the
message in the desired form and then acts accordingly.
The Process of Sending the Message
(5) The first party or the sender first thinks of information, whatever he intends to communicate or transfer to the
others. Then he puts the information or the message in words
or prepares a content. The process of putting the thoughts
in words is called encoding. Finally the content after being
ready is transmitted to the receiver.
The process of receiving the Message
(6) The message reaches the sender, who then decodes the
message or in simpler terms breaks the information, understands
it and responds to the receiver. The sender also gives feedback
to the receiver after he has understood the complete information.
(7) Communication in simpler terms is a process of passing the information from the first party (sender) to the second party (receiver). Communication plays a vital role not only
in organizations or one’s professional career but also is essential in day to day life.
Communication Models
(8) What is a Model?
A model is widely used to depict any idea, thought or a
concept in a simpler way through diagrams, pictorial representations etc. Models go a long way in making the understanding of any concept easy and clear.
(9) Here are some various communication models:
Aristotle Model of Communication
Berlo’s Model of Communication
Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication
Schramm’s Model of Communication
Aristotle Model of Communication
(10) According to this model, the speaker plays a key role
in communication. He is the one who takes complete charge
— 112 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
of the communication. The model says that the speaker communicates in such a way that the listeners get influenced and
respond accordingly.
(11) The speaker must be very careful about his selection of words and content in this model of communication.
He should understand his target audience and then prepare
his speech. His tone and pitch should also be loud and clear
enough for the people to hear and understand the speech properly. Stammering, getting nervous in between of a conversation must be avoided. Voice modulations also play a very important role in creating the desired effect. The speaker should
know where to lay more stress on, highlight which words to influence the listeners.
(12) Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule
to excel in public speaking, lectures where the sender makes
his point clear by designing an impressive content, passing
on the message to the second part and they simply respond accordingly. Here the sender is the active member and the receiver is passive one.
Berlo’s Model of Communication
(13) In 1960, David Berlo expanded Shannon and
Weaver’s 1949 linear model of communication and created the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model
of Communication. The SMCR Model of Communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon
by other scholars.
(14) The Berlo’s communication process is a simple application for communication of person-to-person which includes
communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder,
and communication receiver. In addition, David Berlo presented some factors that influence the communication process between two people. The factors include communication skills,
awareness level, social system, cultural system, and attitude.
(15) The Berlo’s Model of Communication process starts
at the source. This is the part where the communication skills,
attitude, knowledge, social system, and culture of the people
— 113 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
involved in the communication. After the message is developed which is elements in a set of symbols.
Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
(16) Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver were
engineers that worked for Bell Telephone Labs in the United
States. Their goal was to make sure that the telephone cables
and radio waves were working at the maximum efficiency.
Therefore, they developed the Shannon-Weaver model which
had an intention to expand a mathematical theory of communication. The Shannon–Weaver model was developed in 1949
which is referred as the ‘mother of all models’.
(17) The strengths of this model are its simplicity, generality, and quantifiability.
The mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
structured this model on the basis of the following elements:
• An information source, which produces a message.
• A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
• A channel, for which signals are adapted for
transmission
• A receiver, which reconstructs the encoded message
from a sequence of received signals and decodes it.
• An information destination, where the message arrives.
Schramm’s Model of Communication
(18) Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which
form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver
/ target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schramm
(1954) also indicated that we should examine the impact that
a message has on the target of the message.
(19) Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:
• Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
• Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/
expressions and their users) and
— 114 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
• Semantic (study of relationships between signs and
symbols and what they represent).
(20) Therefore, communication is social interaction where
at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs
and a common set of semiotic rules.
Источники:
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/Communication
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_communication
Пояснение к тексту:
Bell Telephone Labs телефонные лаборатории фирмы
Белл (США) — бывшая американская, а ныне финскоамериканская корпорация, крупный исследовательский
центр в области телекоммуникаций, электронных
и компьютерных систем.
to play a vital role — играть жизненно важную роль
day to day life — повседневная жизнь
stammering — заикание
to get nervous — нервничать
to lay more stress (on) — уделять больше внимания
to make point clear — высказываться
pictorial representation — зрительное (графическое)
представление
syntactic — синтаксический
pragmatic — прагматический
semantic — семантический
a common set — общий набор
EXERCISES TOTHE TEXT & COMPREHENSION
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text orally. Pay special
attention to the grammatical material and terms from the
vocabulary presented in the text.
— 115 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions to the text.
1. What is communication?
2. Who is the sender in communication? And what does
he do in communication?
3. Who is the receiver in communication? And what does
he do in communication?
4. What is communication process?
5. What is encoding?
6. What is decoding?
7. What role does communication play in organizations
or one’s professional career and in day to day life?
8. What is a communication model?
9. How many are there communication models? What are
they?
10. What is the concept of Aristotle Model
of Communication?
11. What role does the speaker play in Aristotle Model
of Communication?
12. What should the speaker do according to Aristotle
Model of Communication?
13. What should not the speaker do according to Aristotle
Model of Communication?
14. Where is Ar istotle Model of Communication practiced?
15. What is the concept of Berlo’s Mode of Communication?
How is it called?
16. What is the Berlo’s communication process?
17. What factors influencing the communication process
did Berlo presented?
18. What is the concept of Shannon-Weaver Model
of Communication?
19. What was the goal of Shannon-Weaver Model
of Communication?
20. When was Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
developed?
21. What are the strengths of Shannon-Weaver Model
of Communication?
— 116 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
22. What are the elements of Shannon-Weaver Model
of Com mu nication?
23. What is the concept of Schramm’s Model
of Communication?
24. What are the communicative dimensions
of Schramm’s Model of Communication?
25. What are the rules of Schramm’s Model
of Communication? What are their functions?
Exercise 3. Say whether it is true or false.
STATEMENTS True False
Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule to excel
in public speaking.
The first party who sends the information is called the receiver.
Communication process is a
simple process where a message
is being transferred from a receiver to the sender.
Communication plays a vital role
not only in organizations or one’s
professional career but also is essential in day to day life.
The process of putting the
thoughts in words is called decoding.
The second party who receives
the information, decodes the
information and accordingly
responds is called the sender.
Don’t
know
— 117 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
STATEMENTS True False
Don’t
know
According to Aristotle Model
of Communication the speaker
plays a key role in communication.
The Shannon–Weaver model
was developed in 1960.
The process of passing any
information from one person
to the other person with the
aid of some medium is termed
as communication.
In 1949, David Berlo expanded
Shannon and Weaver’s Commu-
nication Model.
Exercise 4. Pronounce the following words correctly:
a) ultimately [ˈʌ ltɪmɪtli]
b) medium [ˈmiːdiəm]
c) recipient [rɪˈsɪpɪənt]
d) thought [θɔːt]
e) vital [ˈvaɪtl]
f) essential [ɪˈsɛnʃəl]
g) diagram [ˈdaɪəgræm]
h) representation [ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃən]
i) engineer [ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪə]
j) mathematical [ˌmæθɪˈmætɪkəl]
k) theory [ˈθɪəri]
l) strength [strɛŋθ]
m) simplicity [sɪmˈplɪsɪti]
n) generality [ˌʤɛ nəˈrælɪti]
o) quantifiability [ˈkwɒntɪfaɪəbɪlɪtɪ]
p) mathematician [ˌmæθɪməˈtɪʃən]
— 118 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
q) transmitter [trænzˈmɪtə]
r) transmission [trænzˈmɪʃən]
s) syntactic [sɪnˈtæktɪk]
t) pragmatic [prægˈmætɪk]
u) semantic [sɪˈmæntɪk]
Exercise 5. Match the terms to the sentences below:
target
audi-
ence
selection
re-
ceiver
infor-
mation
interac-
tion
sender
1. The process of passing any _____ from one person
to the other person with the aid of some medium is termed
as communication.
2. The first party who sends the information is called the
_____.
3. The second party who receives the information, decodes the information and accordingly responds is called the
_____.
4. The speaker must be very careful about his
_____ of words and content in this model of communication.
5. The speaker should understand his _____ and
then prepare his speech.
6. Communication is social _____.
Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences:
1. Communication process is…
2. The receiver after receiving the message…
3. The process of putting the thoughts in words is called…
4. Communication plays a vital role in…
5. According to Aristotle Model of Communication the speaker plays…
6. The speaker must be very careful about…
7. Stammering, getting nervous in between of a conversation must be…
— 119 —
UNIT 3. COMMUNICATION — BASICS & STRATEGIES
8. Aristotle model of communication is the gold-
en rule to excel in…
9. The Berlo’s communication process is a simple applica-
tion for communication of person-to-person which includes…
10. The mathematicians Claude Shannon and Warren
Weaver structured the model on the basis of the following elements…
11. Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules…
12. Therefore, communication is social…
Exerci se 7. Match English and Russian words.
1) conversation a) осведомленность
2) destination b) ученый
3) dimension c) получатель
4) awareness d) отправитель
5) receiver e) измерение
6) sender f) назначение
7) attitude g) отвечать
8) to respond h) передавать
9) to transfer i) отношение
10) schola r j) разговор
Exercise 8. Read the text again and choose the correct
answer.
1. The process of passing any information from one
person to the other person with the _____ of some medium
is termed as communication.
a) refusal;
b) scholar;
c) aid.
— 120 —
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