- •Практична граматика англійської мови для студентів 3 курсу
- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •Verbals
- •Verbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Part 1
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •To stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid
- •Cannot help
- •Part 1
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Part 2
- •Part 2
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
General Characteristic of the infinitive
double nature = verb features + noun features
The infinitive is the non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way.
It is the initial form of the verb and its special marker is the particle “to”. This particle is usually closely connected with the stem of the verb but sometimes an adverb or another particle can be used between them to emphasize the meaning of the verb. In this case it is called a split infinitive, e.g.
The secretary was asked to urgently type the report. – Секретаря попросили срочно напечатать отчет. / Секретаря попросили терміново надрукувати звіт.
It was to be necessarily done. – Это обязательно нужно было сделать. / Це обов'язково потрібно було зробити.
There are cases when the infinitive is used without the particle “to” and then it is called “bare infinitive”, e.g.
The teacher saw one of the students cheat at the exam. – Учитель видел, как один из студентов списал на экзамене. / Учитель бачив, як один зі студентів списав на іспиті.
Bare infinitive is used in the following cases:
after auxiliary verbs in some forms of simple verbal predicates, e.g.
Lisa doesn’t like going to big parties.
The tourists will go sightseeing if the weather gets better.
after modal verbs can, may, must, should, would, need, dare, shall, will, e.g.
If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
Shall I bring you a glass of water?
How dare you speak with me in such a tone?
after some verbs in the infinitive construction ‘Complex Object’, e.g.
Everyone who was in the house at that time heard Lady Gordon sing in the garden. – Все, кто был в доме в то время, слышали, как Леди Гордон пела в саду. / Усі, хто був у домі в той час, чули, як Леді Гордон співала в саду.
Don’t let the boy eat sweets before dinner. – Не позволяйте мальчику есть конфеты перед обедом. / Не дозволяйте хлопчикові їсти цукерки перед обідом.
What made you change your mind? – Что заставило вас изменить свое решение? / Що змусило вас змінити своє рішення?
I will not have you keep the dog in the house! – Я не допущу, чтобы вы держали собаку дома. / Я не дозволю, щоб ви тримали собаку вдома.
after the question word ‘why’ in negative and negative-interrogative sentences, e.g.
Why stay at home in such wonderful weather? – Зачем сидеть дома в такую чудесную погоду? / Навіщо сидіти вдома в таку чудову погоду?
Why not do it together, it’s hard work. – Почему бы не сделать это вместе, это тяжелая работа. / Чому б не зробити це разом, це нелегка справа.
after the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, e.g.
You had better go to the garden and have some rest. – Ты бы лучше пошла в сад и немного отдохнула. / Ти б краще пішла в сад і трохи відпочила.
I would rather not meet him alone, he frightens me. – Я бы лучше не встречалась с ним одна, он меня пугает. / Я б краще не зустрічалася з ним сама, він мене лякає.
I would sooner remain a spinster than marry this disgusting man! – Я скорее останусь старой девой, чем выйду замуж за этого отвратительного человека! / Я скоріше залишуся старою дівою, ніж вийду заміж за цю огидну людину!
I cannot but smile every time I see this cute baby. – Каждый раз, когда я вижу этого забавного малыша, я не могу не улыбнуться. / Щораз, коли я бачу цього кумедного малюка, я не можу не посміхнутися.
There was nothing left for the family but watch their house burning down. – Семье ничего не оставалось делать, как наблюдать, как догорает их дом. / Родині нічого не залишалося робити, як спостерігати, як догоряє їхній будинок.
NOTE: Expressions had better and would rather are often contracted to ‘d’, which sometimes can be confusing. Special care should be taken in questions and tags, e.g.
I’d better keep silence, hadn’t I? = Мне бы лучше помолчать, да? / Мені б краще помовчати, так?
Would you rather go to the beach or play tennis? = Ты бы лучше пошел на пляж или поиграл в теннис? / Ти б краще пішов на пляж або пограв у теніс?