- •Практична граматика англійської мови для студентів 3 курсу
- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •Verbals
- •Verbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Part 1
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •To stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid
- •Cannot help
- •Part 1
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Part 2
- •Part 2
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
The following notional verbs are used in this construction:
|
to see |
to hear |
to feel |
to sense |
to watch |
to observe |
to notice |
Complex Subject after these verbs can be presented in the following formula:
a nominal element + a passive notional verb + ‘to’ infinitive (NPA or NPP) / participle
The dog was heard to bark in the yard. = Слышали, как собака лаяла во дворе. / Чули, як собака гавкав у дворі.
‘the dog’ – a nominal element
‘was heard’ – a notional verb in the passive voice
‘to bark’ – non-perfect active infinitive with participle ‘to’
The Gordons were seen leaving the house. – Видели, как Гордоны выходили из дома. / Бачили, як Гордони виходили з дому.
‘the Gordons’ - a nominal element
‘were seen’ – a notional verb in the passive voice
‘leaving’ - non-perfect active participle
Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
Only ‘to’ infinitive is used after these verbs, e.g.
The horses were watched to gallop in the field. – Наблюдали, как лошади галопом промчались по полю. / Спостерігали, як коня галопом промчалися по полю.
Non-perfect infinitive both active and passive is used to show a completed action, e.g.
The robbers were seen to enter the bank. – Видели, как грабители вошли в банк. / Бачили, як грабіжники ввійшли в банк.
The books were noticed to be locked in the safe. – Заметили, что книги были закрыты в сейф. / Помітили, що книги були закриті в сейф.
Participle I both active and passive is used to show an action in progress, e.g.
The tigers were seen swimming towards the beach. – Видели, как тигры плыли по направлению к пляжу. / Бачили, як тигри плили в напрямку до пляжу.
Stanley was watched walking with a strange lady along the embankment. – Наблюдали, как Стэнли прогуливался по набережной с незнакомой женщиной. / Спостерігали, як Стенлі прогулювався по набережній з незнайомою жінкою.
The report was seen being typed. – Видели, как отчет печатали. / Бачили, як звіт друкували.
The carpets were noticed being carried downstairs. – Заметили, как ковры сносили вниз. / Помітили, як килими зносили вниз.
Sentences with this construction are translated into Russian or Ukrainian as impersonal sentences, e.g.
He was seen to cheat at the exam. = Видели, что он списал на экзамене. / Бачили, що він списав на іспиті.
He was seen cheating at the exam. = Видели, как он списывал (списывает) на экзамене. / Бачили, як він списував (списує) на іспиті.
The children were seen being kidnapped. = Видели, как детей похищали. / Бачили, як дітей викрадали.
This function of the infinitive can be summed up like this:
Completed action
|
Active |
Passive |
|
‘to’ non-perfect active infinitive |
‘to’ non-perfect passive infinitive |
|
Don was seen to water the flowers. = Видели, что Дон полил цветы. / Бачили, що Дон полив квіти. |
The flowers were seen to be watered. = Видели, что цветы полили. / Бачили, що квіти полили. |