- •Практична граматика англійської мови для студентів 3 курсу
- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •Verbals
- •Verbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Part 1
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •To stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid
- •Cannot help
- •Part 1
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Part 2
- •Part 2
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
Module 2 the infinitive as object
The infinitive as the object usually answers the question ‘to do what?’ and is mainly used after the following notional verbs:
|
to agree |
to consent |
to fear |
to learn |
to neglect |
to regret |
|
to afford |
to decide |
to forget |
to long |
to omit |
to remember |
|
to arrange |
to deserve |
to hesitate |
to love |
to plan |
to swear |
|
to attempt |
to determine |
to hope |
to like |
to prefer |
|
|
to care |
to expect |
to intend |
to manage |
to pretend |
|
|
to claim |
to fail |
to lend |
to mean |
to refuse |
|
(for more verbs see the Appendix)
Mostly non-perfect forms of the infinitive are used after these notional verbs, e.g.
We agreed to meet at ten o’clock.
Martha planned to come on Tuesday.
Jake hesitated to say something in return.
How can she afford to eat out every night?
Some of the above mentioned notional verbs can be followed by perfect forms of the infinitive to express priority. These verbs are:
|
to claim |
to fail |
to hate |
to like |
to omit |
to swear |
Bertha claimed to have seen the burglar with her own eyes. = Берта заявила, что видела грабителя собственными глазами. / Берта заявила, що бачила грабіжника на власні очі.
Paul omitted to have written to the newspaper. = Пол не упомянул о том, что написал в газету. / Пол не вказав про те, що він написав у газету.
Sonya swore not to have met the man at the Browns’. = Соня поклялась, что не встречала этого человека у Браунов. / Соня присяглася, що не зустрічала цієї людини в Браунів. /
Some notional verbs have a modal colouring that shows that the action expressed by the perfect infinitive was not fulfilled. These verbs are:
|
to attempt |
to expect |
to hope |
to intend |
|
to plan |
to try |
to mean |
|
Solomon hoped to have found Diana at home. = Соломон надеялся застать Диану дома. (но не застал) / Соломон сподівався застати Діану вдома. (але не застав)
The sailors intended to have reached the coast long before. = Моряки давно уже надеялись достичь берега. (но на тот час еще не достигли) / Моряки давно вже сподівалися досягти берега. (але на то час ще не досягли)
The object can be expressed by a conjunctive infinitive phrase after the verbs like:
|
to advise |
to explain |
to know |
to show |
to want |
|
to ask |
to find out |
to learn |
to teach |
to wonder |
|
to decide |
to forget |
to remember |
to tell |
to understand |
The conjunctions that are most frequently used are as follows:
|
what |
where |
who |
how much |
how many |
how |
whether |
Please show me (what?) how to operate this machine. = Пожалуйста, покажи мне, как пользоваться этой машиной. / Будь ласка, покажи мені, як користуватися цією машиною.
We had lost our way and didn’t know (what?) where to go. = Мы заблудились и не знали, куда идти. / Ми заблудилися й не знали, куди йти.
When I came in, my parents were discussing (what?) how long to stay in the country. = Когда я вошел, мои родители обсуждали, как долго нам оставаться за городом. / Коли я ввійшов, мої батьки обговорювали, як довго нам залишатися за містом.
6. When the infinitive is used after the verbs to find, to consider, to believe, to think, it may be preceded by the formal introductory object ‘it’, e.g.
I find it hard to believe you. = Мне трудно тебе поверить. / Мені важко тобі повірити.
Do you think it necessary to inform the boss about the incident? = Ты думаешь, это необходимо информировать босса об этом происшествии? / Ти думаєш, це необхідно інформувати боса про цю подію?
7. After some verbs both infinitive and gerund can be used but with some difference in meaning: