- •Практична граматика англійської мови для студентів 3 курсу
- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •Verbals
- •Verbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Part 1
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •To stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid
- •Cannot help
- •Part 1
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Part 2
- •Part 2
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
To afford
|
gerund |
infinitive |
|
in general |
in a particular situation |
|
In fact, Isabella could afford buying expensive things but she didn’t feel like it. = Вообще то, Изабелла могла позволить себе покупать дорогие вещи, но у нее не было особого желания. / Ізабелла могла дозволити собі купувати дорогі речі, але в неї не було особливого бажання. |
This month Tim could afford to buy more books than usual and he was very happy about that. = В этом месяце Тим мог позволить себе купить больше книг чем обычно и он был очень этому рад. / У цьому місяці Тім міг дозволити собі купити більше книг ніж звичайно й він був дуже цьому радий. |
To consider
|
gerund |
infinitive |
|
to think about doing something
|
to express an opinion about something – used only in complex object and complex subject with the verb ‘to be’ |
|
He considers leaving his home town for ever. = Он подумывает о том, чтобы уехать из родного города навсегда. / Він подумує про те, щоб виїхати з рідного міста назавжди. Have you considered working as a journalist? – Ты когда-нибудь думал о том, чтобы работать журналистом?/ Ти коли-небудь думав про те, щоби працювати журналістом? |
We consider her to be the best pianist of our time. = Мы считаем ее лучшей пианисткой нашего времени. / Ми вважаємо її кращою піаністкою нашого часу. The whale is considered to be the largest mammal in the world. = Кит считается самым большим млекопитающим в мире. / Кит вважається найбільшим ссавцем у світі. |
8. The infinitive is often used in the following structure:
notional verb + indirect object + infinitive
The most frequent notional verbs used in this structure are:
|
to advise |
to compel |
to forbid |
to implore |
to recommend |
|
to ask |
to command |
to invite |
to leave |
to request |
|
to allow |
to direct |
to instruct |
to order |
to require |
|
to beg |
to encourage |
to induce |
to permit |
to tell |
|
to cause |
to force |
to impel |
to persuade |
to urge |
(For more verbs see the Appendix)
Before Derek left, he asked me to keep an eye on his luggage. = Прежде, чем Дерек ушел, он попросил меня присмотреть за его багажом. / Перш, ніж Дерек пішов, він попросив мене доглянути за його багажем.
Derek left me to keep an eye on his luggage. = Дерек оставил меня, чтобы присмотреть за его багажом. / Дерек залишив мене, щоб доглянути за його багажем.
The law compels divorced fathers to make regular payments for their children. = Закон обязывает разведенных отцов делать регулярные отчисления для их детей. / Закон зобов'язує розведених батьків робити регулярні відрахування для їхніх дітей.
Nothing can induce me to take the job I hate. = Ничто не может заставить меня взяться за работу, которую я ненавижу. / Ніщо не може змусити мене узятися за роботу, що я ненавиджу.
Her parents encouraged her to cook and even paid her to make dinner twice a week. = Ее родителя поощряли ее кулинарные попытки и даже платили ей, чтобы она готовила дважды в неделю. / Її батька заохочували її кулінарні спроби й навіть платили їй, щоб вона готовила двічі на тиждень.
The infinitive is often used in the structure link verb + adjective + infinitive
Both perfect and non-perfect infinitives can be used in this structure. The most frequently used adjectives are:
|
anxious |
bound |
distressed |
glad |
keen |
ready |
thankful |
|
afraid |
careful |
eager |
happy |
moved |
reluctant |
touched |
|
ashamed |
curious |
easy |
horrified |
prepared |
sorry |
|
|
amused |
determined |
free |
impatient |
pleased |
scared |
|
|
annoyed |
delighted |
furious |
inclined |
proud |
surprised |
|
|
astonished |
difficult |
grateful |
interested |
quick |
slow |
|
Mrs. Stockbound was proud (of what?) to have grown such a dutiful son. = Мистер Стокбаунд был горд, что вырастл такого послушного сына. / Містер Стокбаунд був гордий, що виховав такого слухняного сина.
The children were impatient (to do what?) to see what was in the parcel. = Детям не терпелось посмотреть, что было в свертке. / Дітям не терпілося подивитися, що було в згортку.
Jerry felt he was powerless (to do what?) to do anything in that situation. = Джери чувствовал, что он был беспомощен сделать что-либо в этой ситуации. / Джері почував, що він був безпомічний зробити що-небудь у цій ситуації.
Della was quite pleased (to do what?) to find that she knew all the answers to the exam questions. = Делла была весьма довольна тем, что знала все ответы на экзаменационные вопросы. / Делла була досить задоволена тим, що знала всі відповіді на екзаменаційні питання.
Note: Do not confuse the infinitive after adjectives in the function of part of a predicative and the function of an object. Compare:
|
Infinitive as part of a predicative |
Infinitive as an object |
|
(usually has a passive meaning) |
(usually has an active meaning |
|
Linen is very comfortable to wear. = Одежду из льна очень приятно носить. / Одяг з льону дуже приємно носити. As a team they are hard to beat. = Когда мы команда – нас трудно победить. / Коли ми команда – нас важко перемогти. The children were pleasant to look at; they were really neat and tidy. = На детей было приятно смотреть; они были чисты и опрятны. / На дітей було приємно дивитися; вони були чисті й охайні.
|
We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition. = Мы были удивлены, когда увидели, что храм все еще находится в своем первоначальном виде. / Ми були здивовані, коли побачили, що храм усе ще перебуває у своєму первозданному вигляді. Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this occasion I'm inclined to agree with him. = У Артура бывают какие-то странные идеи, но в данном случае я склонен согласиться с ним. / В Артура бувають якісь дивні ідеї, але в цьому випадку я схильний погодитися з ним. |
10. Some of the above mentioned structures may also be followed by gerund. Note the difference in meaning,