- •Практична граматика англійської мови для студентів 3 курсу
- •Table of contents
- •(Verbids, verbals)
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
- •Classification of non-finite forms of the verb (verbals)
- •Verbals
- •Verbals
- •Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non-Perfect Active Passive
- •Grammatical categories of participle I
- •General Characteristic of the infinitive
- •Double nature of the infinitive
- •Verbal Features of the Infinitive
- •A: Morphological features
- •B: Syntactical features
- •Nominal features of the Infinitive
- •Other functions of the Infinitive
- •Grammatical categories of the infinitive
- •Forms of infinitive
- •The infinitive as subject
- •1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
- •Part 1
- •Infinitive as predicate
- •The infinitive as predicative
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal modal predicate
- •Part 2
- •The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
- •Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
- •To stop
- •Task 15. Use either an infinitive or a gerund or both in the sentences below.
- •Module 2 the infinitive as object
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid
- •Cannot help
- •Part 1
- •The infinitive as attribute
- •The infinitive as an adverbial modifier
- •1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)
- •Compare
- •2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence
- •3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison
- •4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events
- •5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception
- •6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition
- •7. Adverbial Modifier of Time
- •8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances
- •Part 2
- •Part 2
- •Group 1. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Complex Object is not used:
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of mental activity
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of inducement
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Bare infinitive
- •Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion
- •Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs
- •(The infinitive as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation)
- •Translation
- •Group 2. Verbs of sense perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Completed action
- •Action in progress
- •Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 4. Verbs of reporting
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning
- •Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:
- •Revision of the infinitive
- •Task 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions: a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
- •Task 67. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
- •Appendix: verbals
- •Infinitive and gerund
- •Verbs followed immediately by infinitive
- •Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning
- •Adjectives followed by infinitive
- •Set expressions used with infinitive
- •IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund
- •Expressions always used with gerund
- •Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund
- •Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund
- •Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions Preposition ‘of’
- •Preposition ‘at’
- •Preposition ‘for’
- •Preposition ‘in’
- •Miscellaneous Prepositions
- •Gerunds after prepositions
- •Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning to stop
- •To remember, to forget, to regret,
- •To mean
- •To prefer
- •To like
- •To be sorry
- •To be afraid, to dread, to fear
- •To afford
- •To consider
- •To intend
- •To need
- •To advise to allow to recommend
- •To be interested
- •To imagine
- •Cannot help (used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)
- •Grammar terms glossary
The infinitive as part of compound verbal aspect predicate
notional aspect verb + infinitive
The notional verb in this type of predicate should denote various stages (aspects) of an action
beginning: to begin; to start; to come to (= to begin); to commence e.g.
I began to realize what was happening. = Я начал осознавать, что происходит. / Я почав усвідомлювати, що відбувається.
Now she came to realize what was happening. = Теперь она начала осознавать, что происходит. / Тепер вона почала усвідомлювати, що відбувається.
Their work is beginning to have results. = Работа начинает приносить результаты. / Робота починає приносити результати.
Jane put her fists on her hips and commenced to skip on bare feet. = Джейн уперла руки в боки и начала прыгать босиком. / Джейн уперла руки в боки й почала стрибати босоніж.
b) continuation: to go on; to continue; to proceed, e.g.
Though the teacher was in the classroom, the children continued to whisper.
Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots.
The cleaner vacuumed the carpet and went on to polish the tables. = Уборщица пропылесосила ковер и перешла к полировке столов. / Прибиральниця пропилососила килим і перейшла до полірування столів.
repetition: in this function infinitive is often used in the expressions used to + infinitive and would + bare infinitivee.g.
Paris once used to be the bell-wether of the fashion industry —Париж некогда являлся законодателем мод. / Париж колись був законодавцем мод.
Dick was so lazy that he would stay in bed till midday. = Дик был таким ленивым, что он бывало валялся в постели до полудня. / Дік був таким ледачим, що він бувало валявся в ліжку до обіду.
d) end: to cease; to finish e.g.
Sally finished to read her thick book, closed it with a sigh and went to bed.
The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me.
Note: Only non-perfect active infinitive with particle ‘to’ is used in this kind of predicative, with the exception of the structure ‘would + bare infinitive’,e.g.
Bertha continued to mark her students’ papers.
You never cease to amaze me.
When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.
Not all these verbs have the same combinability:
The verbs to begin, to start, to continue, to finish, to cease, to commence can be followed by either infinitive or gerund with no change in meaning, e.g.
The team continued to discuss/ discussing their plans for the next month.
The team started to discuss/ discussing their plans for the next month.
But it is not recommended to use two -ing forms together, e.g.
It is starting getting cold – WRONG!
It is starting to get cold – RIGHT!
The verbs used to and would are followed only by infinitive, e.g.
When she was younger, Brenda used to bake her own bread.
She would wake up as early as 4 o’clock in the morning and set up making batter.
The verb to go on in the function of part of a compound verbal aspect predicate can be followed either by infinitive or gerund with a significant change of meaning,
to go on
gerund |
infinitive |
continuation of one and the same activity |
change of activity |
Old Mrs. Todd went on talking about her health for hours. = Старая миссис Тодд продолжала говорить о своем здоровье часами. / Стара місіс Тодд продовжувала говорити про своє здоров'я годинами.
|
Sue told me about her relationships with her colleagues and then went on to talk about her other problems. = Сью расказала мне про свои взаимоотношения с коллегами и перешла к рассказу про другие свои проблемы. / Сью розповіла мені про свої відношення із колегами й перейшла до розповіді про інші свої проблеми. |
The verb to stop in the function of part of a compound verbal aspect predicate is followed only by gerund! e.g.
Mr. Dursley stopped staring at the cat and started to think about his work.
Aunt Petunia stopped gossiping about her neighbours as she saw that her husband was not listening to her.
The verb to stop when followed by an infinitive performs the function of adverbial modifier of purpose, e.g.