- •Пособие по английскому языку
- •От автора
- •1 The Traditional Economy
- •Translate this summary of the text into English:
- •2 The Market Economy
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Translate these sentences using the new words of the text:
- •3 The Planned Economy
- •Find answers to these questions in the text:
- •4 The Mixed Economy
- •4.2 Decide, whether these statements are true or false:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Complete the rows of word families, as in the example (with the words which were in the texts):
- •4 Complete the sentences with correct words given below:
- •5 Money
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word
- •Using information from the text name some advantages and drawbacks of:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •6.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •1 Circle the word in each group which does not fit.
- •2 Give the right word for these definitions.
- •3 Translate the following sentences.
- •4 Complete each sentence with a word or a phrase from below:
- •5 Answer these questions according to the text or from your own life experience:
- •6Write a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim is to attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the services the bank offers. Try to use the words from the texts.
- •7 Inflation
- •7.2 Answer the following questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unemployment
- •Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •9 Poverty
- •9.2Insert the following words and word combinations into the gaps in this text: five, different, relative, low-income, single parents, poverty, money, depression, school, die, to have a baby, divorce:
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
- •Retell the text according to the plan (12-15 sentences)
- •Revision III ( texts 7 – 9 )
- •2 Answer these questions according to the texts or from your own life experience:
- •3 Read the following text and draw a chart for the unemployment in the two countries over the given period:
- •Wealth, Income and Inequality
- •Answer the questions:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •Less Developed Countries
- •Say, whether these sentences are true or false:
- •Translate these sentences into English:
- •Monopolies
- •Match the phrases with their definitions:
- •12.3 Insert the words and word combinations in the gaps of the text: price, danger, demand, spend, world, consumers, petrol:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision IV ( texts 10 – 12 )
- •1 Match the words and phrases with their definitions:
- •3 Choose the correct word in the sentences:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •The Labour Market
- •Put in the missing words into the sentences according to the text:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Factors of Production
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
- •Translate into English:
- •Division of Labour
- •Find in the text suitable words to the following definitions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Government Revenue and Spending
- •Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 30 minutes):
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision V ( texts 13 – 16 )
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Find a word in the text to match the definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 40 minutes):
- •18 Fiscal Policy
- •Answer the questions to the text:
- •Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •19 Monetary Policy
- •19.2 Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •20 The Law of Demand
- •20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
- •20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- •21.2 Answer the questions to the text:
- •21.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VI ( texts 17 - 21 )
- •2 Finish the sentences according to the contents of the texts:
- •3 Insert the words and word combinations into the text: income, products, measure, change, exist, population, wealth, supplies, growth:
- •Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •22 The Business Cycle
- •Find a word in the text to match the definition:
- •22.3 Translate into the English language:
- •23 The Open Economy
- •23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
- •24 International Trade
- •24.2 Answer the following questions:
- •24.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •25 Economic Growth
- •25.2 Make up pairs of synonyms and antonyms from these words:
- •25.3 Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit - 40 minutes):
- •25.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VII ( texts 22 – 25 )
- •2 Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •3 Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •Bibliography
Translate this summary of the text into English:
Традиционная экономика, или натуральное хозяйство, представляет собой исторически первый уклад хозяйства, в котором не использовали деньги. В такой экономике практически отсутствовала собственность. Все, что производилось и выращивалось, потреблялось полностью, и экономика не росла. Натуральное хозяйство до сих пор существует в ряде стран Азии, Южной Америки и Африки. Общество, основу которого составляет натуральное хозяйство, как правило, не ведет войн. Такое общество характеризуется низким уровнем жизни.
2 The Market Economy
Cities have a lot of street or local markets where people sell and buy food and goods, especially in autumn, after owners of private gardens have harvested their crops, like apples, cherries, potatoes or carrots. It’s a free market and it’s not controlled by a government. It is also free from the influence of custom or tradition. In a free market the only reason why things are sold and bought is because there is a demand for them. Prices for goods and services are simply what people are prepared to pay. The market economy is not really controlled by anyone. It controls itself.
The street market has features of the free market economy. Customers come to the market because they have a demand for things. Sellers supply customers with what they need and try to get the highest price for it. Supply and demand control what is on the market and how much it sells for. In the wider economy we are all customers and street market sellers are like companies.
The role of the company in the free market is to supply what people want. However, companies need an incentive. The incentive is profit. There are two ways for companies to make a profit. The first way is to raise their prices. The second way is to reduce their production costs. And this brings us to two more features of the market economy: competition and technology.
Companies have to compete with each other for a share of the market. Competition is good for consumers because it helps to control prices and quality. If a customer doesn’t like a product, a service or a price, he will go to a competitor. Technology exists in a free market because producers need ways to reduce their costs. They cannot buy cheaper raw materials. Instead, they must make better use of time and labour. Technology is the use of tools and machines to do jobs in a better way. This helps companies produce more goods in less time and with less effort. The result: more profit.
Though many economies in the world are considered free or market economies, the governments have control over them. All governments set limits in order to control the economy. Some governments set many limits, other governments set few, but they all set some limits. For this reason, a true market economy is only theoretical. Nevertheless, many of the features of the market economy exist in most societies today. (1944)
Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: местный рынок, товары, собрать урожай, правительство, влияние, спрос на, покупатель, снабжать, спрос и предложение, стимул, прибыль, поднимать цены, понижать производственные затраты, конкуренция, доля на рынке, потребитель, качество, более дешевое сырье, с меньшими усилиями, устанавливать ограничения, черта.
The text consists of 5 paragraphs. Match each paragraph with the correct heading: # 1 a) two ways of making a profit
# 2 b) market economy and government
control
# 3 c) a free or street market
# 4 d) competition in a free market
# 5 e) features of a street market