- •Пособие по английскому языку
- •От автора
- •1 The Traditional Economy
- •Translate this summary of the text into English:
- •2 The Market Economy
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Translate these sentences using the new words of the text:
- •3 The Planned Economy
- •Find answers to these questions in the text:
- •4 The Mixed Economy
- •4.2 Decide, whether these statements are true or false:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Complete the rows of word families, as in the example (with the words which were in the texts):
- •4 Complete the sentences with correct words given below:
- •5 Money
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word
- •Using information from the text name some advantages and drawbacks of:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •6.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •1 Circle the word in each group which does not fit.
- •2 Give the right word for these definitions.
- •3 Translate the following sentences.
- •4 Complete each sentence with a word or a phrase from below:
- •5 Answer these questions according to the text or from your own life experience:
- •6Write a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim is to attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the services the bank offers. Try to use the words from the texts.
- •7 Inflation
- •7.2 Answer the following questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unemployment
- •Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •9 Poverty
- •9.2Insert the following words and word combinations into the gaps in this text: five, different, relative, low-income, single parents, poverty, money, depression, school, die, to have a baby, divorce:
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
- •Retell the text according to the plan (12-15 sentences)
- •Revision III ( texts 7 – 9 )
- •2 Answer these questions according to the texts or from your own life experience:
- •3 Read the following text and draw a chart for the unemployment in the two countries over the given period:
- •Wealth, Income and Inequality
- •Answer the questions:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •Less Developed Countries
- •Say, whether these sentences are true or false:
- •Translate these sentences into English:
- •Monopolies
- •Match the phrases with their definitions:
- •12.3 Insert the words and word combinations in the gaps of the text: price, danger, demand, spend, world, consumers, petrol:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision IV ( texts 10 – 12 )
- •1 Match the words and phrases with their definitions:
- •3 Choose the correct word in the sentences:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •The Labour Market
- •Put in the missing words into the sentences according to the text:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Factors of Production
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
- •Translate into English:
- •Division of Labour
- •Find in the text suitable words to the following definitions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Government Revenue and Spending
- •Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 30 minutes):
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision V ( texts 13 – 16 )
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Find a word in the text to match the definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 40 minutes):
- •18 Fiscal Policy
- •Answer the questions to the text:
- •Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •19 Monetary Policy
- •19.2 Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •20 The Law of Demand
- •20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
- •20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- •21.2 Answer the questions to the text:
- •21.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VI ( texts 17 - 21 )
- •2 Finish the sentences according to the contents of the texts:
- •3 Insert the words and word combinations into the text: income, products, measure, change, exist, population, wealth, supplies, growth:
- •Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •22 The Business Cycle
- •Find a word in the text to match the definition:
- •22.3 Translate into the English language:
- •23 The Open Economy
- •23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
- •24 International Trade
- •24.2 Answer the following questions:
- •24.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •25 Economic Growth
- •25.2 Make up pairs of synonyms and antonyms from these words:
- •25.3 Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit - 40 minutes):
- •25.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VII ( texts 22 – 25 )
- •2 Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •3 Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •Bibliography
Answer the following questions:
What are the factors of production?
Which is the basic factor of production?
What are the kinds of labour?
Which of the two is labour: making a table or writing a book?
What is human capital?
Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
Entrepreneurs aren’t managers. They are much more than that. They are motivators. They motivate others to get involved in the economic process. The economy would not move without entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are the people who find solutions to problems. Sometimes they do this by inventing new products that don’t exist in the market. Other times they simply find new markets for existing products. Entrepreneurs are he people who organize the other three factors of production. They do this by starting companies. However, in order to start a company they need to spend money. This is a risk because the company may fail and they may lose their money. However, taking risks is another thing that entrepreneurs do for the company. (732)
Translate into English:
К основным факторам производства относят труд, капитал, землю, предпринимательские способности, а также в последнее время информацию и знания.
Под факторами производства понимают экономические ресурсы, количество которых относительно ограничено, и за использование которых необходимо платить.
Факторы производства включают в себя материальные блага и услуги, которые используются человеком при производстве необходимых товаров и услуг.
Земельный фактор включает все сырьевые материалы, которые получают из земли и с моря.
Важны и качество и количество трудовой силы.
Отрасль, нуждающаяся в большом количестве трудовой силы, называется трудоемкой отраслью.
Склад это большое строение для хранения вещей.
Обдумывание плана или проектирование здания это умственная деятельность.
Образованная, квалифицированная и физически здоровая рабочая сила более производительна, поэтому образование и здравоохранение играют важную роль в экономике.
В настоящее время промышленность становится менее трудоемкой.
Заводы, склады, компьютеры, инструменты и оборудование используются в производственном процессе.
Division of Labour
The division of labour isn’t a new idea. Even very early societies had some form of labour specialization. For example, in some societies men were hunters and gatherers of food, while women were responsible for child rearing. However, as societies became industrialized, the division of labour increased. Factories became the main means of production, and each factory worker became responsible for smaller and smaller stages in the process.
As each worker gets more and more experience at doing their particular task, they get better and better at it. This should improve the quality of their work. With smaller tasks to do, workers can do things automatically, without thinking about them. This will speed up the whole production process. Finally, small tasks are easier to learn. As the division of labour increases, the amount of time needed to train each worker decreases. All of this means a more efficient and more productive workforce.
There is, however, a human factor to consider. Workers are not machines. Their physical and emotional health has an impact on their productivity. Repeating the same simple task over and over again is very boring. Bored workers can’t concentrate easily, and their mistakes will reduce the quality of their output.
Many workers take pride in their work.. They don’t just work for wages, but also because they get satisfaction from doing a good job or from creating something useful or beautiful. If you only add buttons to a shirt, you don’t feel that the shirt is your work. You can’t take pride in a job that does not need skill to do. In this situation, workers become careless and their work becomes sloppy. Overall, this has a negative impact on productivity.
Thankfully, robots and machines can now do many of the mindless tasks that factory workers used to do. Nevertheless, the theory of the division of labour is still fundamental to all modern economies. (1609)
Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: специализация труда, собиратели пищи, ответственный за воспитание ребенка, средства производства, определенное задание, ускорить производственный процесс, производительная рабочая сила, человеческий фактор, утомительный, утомленный, снижать качество, гордиться работой, получать удовлетворение, создавать, небрежный, отрицательное воздействие, к счастью, задание не требующее умственных усилий, тем не менее, основополагающий.