- •Пособие по английскому языку
- •От автора
- •1 The Traditional Economy
- •Translate this summary of the text into English:
- •2 The Market Economy
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Translate these sentences using the new words of the text:
- •3 The Planned Economy
- •Find answers to these questions in the text:
- •4 The Mixed Economy
- •4.2 Decide, whether these statements are true or false:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Complete the rows of word families, as in the example (with the words which were in the texts):
- •4 Complete the sentences with correct words given below:
- •5 Money
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word
- •Using information from the text name some advantages and drawbacks of:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •6.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •1 Circle the word in each group which does not fit.
- •2 Give the right word for these definitions.
- •3 Translate the following sentences.
- •4 Complete each sentence with a word or a phrase from below:
- •5 Answer these questions according to the text or from your own life experience:
- •6Write a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim is to attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the services the bank offers. Try to use the words from the texts.
- •7 Inflation
- •7.2 Answer the following questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unemployment
- •Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •9 Poverty
- •9.2Insert the following words and word combinations into the gaps in this text: five, different, relative, low-income, single parents, poverty, money, depression, school, die, to have a baby, divorce:
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
- •Retell the text according to the plan (12-15 sentences)
- •Revision III ( texts 7 – 9 )
- •2 Answer these questions according to the texts or from your own life experience:
- •3 Read the following text and draw a chart for the unemployment in the two countries over the given period:
- •Wealth, Income and Inequality
- •Answer the questions:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •Less Developed Countries
- •Say, whether these sentences are true or false:
- •Translate these sentences into English:
- •Monopolies
- •Match the phrases with their definitions:
- •12.3 Insert the words and word combinations in the gaps of the text: price, danger, demand, spend, world, consumers, petrol:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision IV ( texts 10 – 12 )
- •1 Match the words and phrases with their definitions:
- •3 Choose the correct word in the sentences:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •The Labour Market
- •Put in the missing words into the sentences according to the text:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Factors of Production
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
- •Translate into English:
- •Division of Labour
- •Find in the text suitable words to the following definitions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Government Revenue and Spending
- •Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 30 minutes):
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision V ( texts 13 – 16 )
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Find a word in the text to match the definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 40 minutes):
- •18 Fiscal Policy
- •Answer the questions to the text:
- •Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •19 Monetary Policy
- •19.2 Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •20 The Law of Demand
- •20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
- •20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- •21.2 Answer the questions to the text:
- •21.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VI ( texts 17 - 21 )
- •2 Finish the sentences according to the contents of the texts:
- •3 Insert the words and word combinations into the text: income, products, measure, change, exist, population, wealth, supplies, growth:
- •Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •22 The Business Cycle
- •Find a word in the text to match the definition:
- •22.3 Translate into the English language:
- •23 The Open Economy
- •23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
- •24 International Trade
- •24.2 Answer the following questions:
- •24.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •25 Economic Growth
- •25.2 Make up pairs of synonyms and antonyms from these words:
- •25.3 Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit - 40 minutes):
- •25.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VII ( texts 22 – 25 )
- •2 Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •3 Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •Bibliography
1 The Traditional Economy
For thousands of years human societies had very simple economies. There were no shops, employers or traders and people lived without money. Today we call this kind of economy the traditional economy, and in some parts of Asia, South America and Africa this system still exists.
People who live in a traditional economy don’t have money because they don’t need it. They live lives of subsistence. They hunt animals, gather or grow only enough food to live. There is almost no surplus in the traditional economy and there is almost no property. Families live in tribes and land is shared by all the tribe. Economic decisions are taken according to the customs of the tribe. For example, every family gives some of the crops they grow to the tribal leader, but keep the rest for themselves. They have always done it. It’s a custom.
Custom also decides what jobs people do in the traditional economy. People generally do the jobs that their parents and grandparents did before them. There are not many jobs to choose from. Men are usually hunters and farmers. Women usually look after children, cook and do other work at home. This division of labour between men and women is another characteristic of the traditional economy. Whatever the work is it is hard work. This is because traditional economies have almost no technology. Physical strength and knowledge of the environment are the tools for survival.
Like any other economic system, the traditional economy has its benefits and drawbacks. These are peaceful societies. People consume almost everything they produce and own practically nothing. People are equally poor in these societies. For all these reasons, war is almost unknown in these societies.
However, people who live in traditional societies are among the poorest people in the world. Because custom decides what people do nothing in these societies ever changes. Because there is no technology, people depend on nature to survive. They have no protection from environmental disasters like droughts and floods. They are always in danger of hunger and disease.
There are only a few examples of the traditional economy left on the planet. It can soon disappear forever. (1845)
1.1Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: человеческое общество, простая экономика, работодатели или торговцы, жить без денег, существовать, жить на прожиточном минимуме, охотиться на животных, собирать пищу, излишек, собственность, делить землю, принимать решения, в соответствии с обычаем, племя, вождь, остаток, разделение труда, окружающая среда, выживание, преимущества и недостатки, мирное общество, потреблять, зависеть от природы, природные бедствия, засухи и наводнения, голод и болезни, исчезнуть.
Answer these questions:
What are the advantages of a traditional economy?
What are the disadvantages of a traditional economy?
3) Why don’t people in a traditional economy need money?
How is work divided among men and women in a traditional economy?
Translate the following sentences using the new words of the text:
1) В лесах центральной Африки живет племя Мбути.
2) Их 70000-80000 человек, и живут они маленькими группами.
3) Лес обеспечивает их пищей, одеждой и убежищем.
4) Мбути это охотники и собиратели.
5) Мбути берут все, что им нужно из леса, поэтому они называют лес «матерью».
6) Есть разделение труда между мужчинами и женщинами: мужчины охотятся, женщины готовят и делают домашние дела.
Большую часть дня Мбути проводят в племени, распевая песни, играя и рассказывая истории.
8) Мбути не хотят контактировать с другими племенами.
9) Правительство пыталось научить их методам земледелия, но потерпело неудачу.