2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:

1. Mixed public goods are … .

2. Revenue is spent on … .

3. Transfer payments are given to … .

4. Income tax helps to make the income gap … .

5. Division of labour existed even in early societies: men … , women … .

6. Robots and machines can now do … .

7. Land, labour and capital are … .

8. Land factor includes … .

9. Work like lifting, digging, building is called … .

10. Labour factor is characterized by … .

11. Labour market obeys the law of … .

12. Utility of a product is … from its purchase.

2. Answer these questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.

1. Imagine that you are a worker. What do you think will make you work more productively?

2. Imagine that you are a manager in a company. Think and name the things which are necessary to produce pencils ( tables, buses, cups).

3. You are a government minister. You are given 200 million dollars to use for: education or environment or health care. What do you choose? Give your reasons.

4. What production are these cities famous for: Neftekamsk, Sterlitamak, Baku, Togliatti, Suzdal? You can add more cities and more facts about them.

16. Macroeconomics

In the 1930s one of the world’s strongest economies suffered a devastating collapse. It was the American economy, and the disaster was the Great Depression. The effects of the Great Depression were felt all around the world, and it brought about a change in economic thinking. Economists began to realize that looking at the behaviour of individual consumers and suppliers in the economy was not enough. Economists and governments had to understand how the whole economy worked. In other words, they had to have an understanding of macroeconomics.

Macroeconomics looks at how the details of the economy work. Macroeconomics takes a few steps back and looks at the whole picture. While microeconomics looks at supply and demand for a single product or industry, macroeconomics follows supply and demand patterns for the whole economy. Whereas microeconomics is about economic events at home, macroeconomics looks at how the domestic economy interacts with the economies of other countries.

However, macroeconomics isn’t only about knowing what’s happening in the economy. After the Great depression, governments realized that the economy needs to be managed. Most governments aim to have steady economic growth, to control inflation and to avoid recessions. Just managing an individual business is a hard enough task. How do you manage a whole economy? Governments have certain mechanisms which help them to do this.

The first of these mechanisms is fiscal policy. Fiscal policy refers to the tax system and to government spending. By increasing or decreasing the amount of tax people must pay, the government can affect how much money people have available to spend (disposable income). This, in turn, has an effect on demand in the market. By increasing or decreasing their own spending, governments can have a huge effect on the growth of the economy.

The second mechanism is monetary policy. With its monetary policy, a government sets interest rates and also controls the amount of money that circulates in the economy. The interest rate the government sets influences the rate that commercial banks set when they lend money to customers. Interest rates have a big impact on the economy. For example, they can affect people’s decisions about saving or spending money.

The third mechanism is administrative approach. This is a range of things that governments do to increase the supply of goods and services to the economy but without increasing prices. There are a number of ways governments try to do this. For example, improvements in education and training can make the workforce more productive. Investment in technology can make industry more efficient. Governments can also change employment and business laws to make the market more competitive.

With a combination of these methods, governments try to steer or guide the economy on a steady or predictable path. They aim for gradual economic growth and to avoid disasters like the Great Depression. (2489)

17.1 Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: пострадать от разрушительного обвала, отдельные потребители и поставщики, целая экономика, отойти на несколько шагов назад, экономическое событие, внутренняя экономика, управлять экономикой, устойчивый экономический рост, избегать сильные спады, определенные механизмы, налогово-бюджетная политика, увеличение и уменьшение; доход, которым располагает лицо после уплаты налогов, взносов в систему страхования и других вычетов (располагаемый доход); в свою очередь, устанавливать процентные ставки, давать деньги в долг клиентам, иметь огромное влияние, административный подход, управлять экономикой, направлять экономику по стабильному и предсказуемому пути, избегать бедствий.