- •Пособие по английскому языку
- •От автора
- •1 The Traditional Economy
- •Translate this summary of the text into English:
- •2 The Market Economy
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Translate these sentences using the new words of the text:
- •3 The Planned Economy
- •Find answers to these questions in the text:
- •4 The Mixed Economy
- •4.2 Decide, whether these statements are true or false:
- •Complete the sentences according to the text:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word: Advantages and disadvantages of two economies
- •Complete the rows of word families, as in the example (with the words which were in the texts):
- •4 Complete the sentences with correct words given below:
- •5 Money
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word
- •Using information from the text name some advantages and drawbacks of:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •Answer the following questions:
- •6.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •1 Circle the word in each group which does not fit.
- •2 Give the right word for these definitions.
- •3 Translate the following sentences.
- •4 Complete each sentence with a word or a phrase from below:
- •5 Answer these questions according to the text or from your own life experience:
- •6Write a promotional leaflet for a bank. The aim is to attract new customers and to inform existing customers about the services the bank offers. Try to use the words from the texts.
- •7 Inflation
- •7.2 Answer the following questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Unemployment
- •Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:
- •Translate from Russian into English.
- •9 Poverty
- •9.2Insert the following words and word combinations into the gaps in this text: five, different, relative, low-income, single parents, poverty, money, depression, school, die, to have a baby, divorce:
- •Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
- •Retell the text according to the plan (12-15 sentences)
- •Revision III ( texts 7 – 9 )
- •2 Answer these questions according to the texts or from your own life experience:
- •3 Read the following text and draw a chart for the unemployment in the two countries over the given period:
- •Wealth, Income and Inequality
- •Answer the questions:
- •Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •Translate from Russian into English:
- •Less Developed Countries
- •Say, whether these sentences are true or false:
- •Translate these sentences into English:
- •Monopolies
- •Match the phrases with their definitions:
- •12.3 Insert the words and word combinations in the gaps of the text: price, danger, demand, spend, world, consumers, petrol:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision IV ( texts 10 – 12 )
- •1 Match the words and phrases with their definitions:
- •3 Choose the correct word in the sentences:
- •Translate the following sentences:
- •The Labour Market
- •Put in the missing words into the sentences according to the text:
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Factors of Production
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 20 minutes):
- •Translate into English:
- •Division of Labour
- •Find in the text suitable words to the following definitions:
- •Translate into English:
- •Government Revenue and Spending
- •Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 30 minutes):
- •Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision V ( texts 13 – 16 )
- •2. Complete the sentences according to the texts:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Find a word in the text to match the definitions:
- •Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit – 40 minutes):
- •18 Fiscal Policy
- •Answer the questions to the text:
- •Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:
- •19 Monetary Policy
- •19.2 Match the words and their definitions:
- •Translate into the English language:
- •20 The Law of Demand
- •20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
- •20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
- •21.2 Answer the questions to the text:
- •21.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VI ( texts 17 - 21 )
- •2 Finish the sentences according to the contents of the texts:
- •3 Insert the words and word combinations into the text: income, products, measure, change, exist, population, wealth, supplies, growth:
- •Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •22 The Business Cycle
- •Find a word in the text to match the definition:
- •22.3 Translate into the English language:
- •23 The Open Economy
- •23.2 Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements:
- •24 International Trade
- •24.2 Answer the following questions:
- •24.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •25 Economic Growth
- •25.2 Make up pairs of synonyms and antonyms from these words:
- •25.3 Translate the text using a dictionary (time limit - 40 minutes):
- •25.3 Translate the sentences into English:
- •Revision VII ( texts 22 – 25 )
- •2 Put the letters in bold in the correct order to make the right word:
- •3 Answer the questions according to the texts and from your own life experience.
- •Bibliography
20.2 Answer the following questions to the text:
What is demand?
How does the law of demand work?
What is price elasticity?
What can influence demand?
20.3 Translate the sentences into English:
Согласно закону о спросе, когда цена на товар растет, спрос на него падает.
Эластичность цены позволяет установить цены на правильном уровне на данном рынке на определенное время.
Другие факторы кроме цены влияют на спрос.
Закон спроса применяется даже к товарам первой необходимости.
На спрос может повлиять климат, доходы людей, мода и другие факторы.
21 Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply
When a company makes plans for how much to produce and what prices to set, it needs information. The company needs to predict the level of supply that will be required to meet demand. It needs to set prices that will keep the business running. In the same way, governments need this information for the whole economy. The total level of demand for all products and services is called the aggregate demand. The total supply is called the aggregate supply.
The demand for products and services is how much is wanted. For a company, the demand comes from customers. For a whole economy, things are a little more complicated. Demand in the whole economy comes from the following:
from customers, because they buy products and services (consumption)
from companies, because they invest money to build factories and buy machines (investment)
from the government, because they spend money on services and projects (government spending)
from exports, because these are sales to customers in other countries (export)
Although aggregate demand is made up of many things, it behaves in the same way as demand for a single product. For example, demand rises when incomes rise. The same applies to aggregate demand. Similarly, demand falls as prices rise. The same is true for aggregate demand. Real national income is the value of all the services and products produced by the whole economy. It’s calculated in the same way as aggregate demand (consumption, investment, government spending and exports).
Changes in any of the four things which make up aggregate demand will cause a shift in demand. For example, if the government decides to spend a huge amount of money on building new hospitals and schools, this will have an effect on the whole economy. Aggregate demand will increase at all price levels.
What about the aggregate supply? As the company increases its supply to the market, it increases the price. But what about aggregate supply for the whole economy? This is more complex. In the short run, aggregate supply follows the same trend as the supply for a single product. Supply rises as prices rise. However, the long run is different. In the long run, supply is not affected by price. In the long run, production is limited by the factors of production. In other words, what a country can supply depends on the number of factories it has, the number of people working and the availability of raw materials. (2045)
21.1 Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: устанавливать цены, предугадать уровень предложения, удовлетворить спрос, общий уровень спроса, совокупный спрос, совокупное предложение, вся экономика, потребление, капиталовложение, правительственные расходы, спрос на один продукт, реальный национальный доход, изменение в спросе, вскоре, следовать тому же направлению, в конце концов, другими словами, количество заводов, наличие сырья.