2. Answer the questions according to the contents of the text:

1. What are the four kinds of unemployment?

2. Which kind of unemployment happens regularly?

3. Which kind of unemployment happens because of advances in technology?

4. Which kind of unemployment happens because of changes in economic growth?

5. Which kind of unemployment happens in particular parts of a country?

3. Translate from Russian into English.

1) Безработица это ситуация, когда часть населения, состоящая из людей трудоспособного возраста, не имеет работу и находится в поиске работы в течение определенного периода времени.

2)Безработица может быть циклической или структурной. 3)Циклическая безработица меняется с ростом или спадом в экономике.

4. Структурная безработица зависит от низкого спроса на труд в некоторых отраслях промышленности.

5. Фрикционная безработица происходит тогда, когда люди ищут новую работу, меняют профессию, меняют место жительства.

6. Сезонная безработица бывает там, где работа бывает в определенные времена года или периоды, например, сбор фруктов осенью или строительство объекта.

7. Ситуация, когда каждый, кто хочет работать, имеет работу, называется полной занятостью.

9 Poverty

Poverty is a huge problem in the world today. Figures suggest that three billion people or half the world’s population live in poverty. Poverty exists in developing countries and in industrial nations. One in every ten Americans lives in poverty. However, poverty means different things to different people.

One measure of poverty is absolute poverty. People live in absolute poverty when they live on or below the poverty line. This is a level of income that is so low that people cannot afford the basic necessities to live, such as food, clothing and shelter. According to the World Bank, these are people who are living on two dollars a day. However, there are one billion people in the world who live on less than one dollar a day. The World Bank defines this as extreme poverty.

Few people in industrialized countries live in absolute poverty, but many live in relative poverty. This measure of poverty takes into account the differences that exist in a population between the rich and the poor. For example, some economists say that people who earn less than half the average income live in relative poverty. In Britain, this means 14 million people.

Why does poverty still exist? There is no single answer to this question. In developing countries, causes of absolute poverty include natural disasters like droughts and floods, political corruption and war. However, in many cases people – and whole populations – are caught in a trap: the poverty trap.

People on a low income spend everything they have on daily necessities. They save almost nothing. In order to raise themselves out of poverty, they need education. This costs money. Even when governments provide free schooling, the poor may not send their children because they need them to work. These families cannot afford the cost of sending a child to school. Without education, the children cannot find better paid work. In this way, generations of the same family remain poor.

The same cycle that traps individuals can trap a whole population. Economic growth depends on investment. Investment money comes from savings. A nation that has almost no savings cannot grow economically. This keeps wages low, so again people cannot save and the cycle continues. (1863)

1. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following words and word combinations: огромная проблема, половина мирового населения, один из десяти, абсолютная бедность, ниже черты бедности, уровень дохода, предметы первой необходимости, определять бедность, чрезвычайная бедность, относительная бедность, принимать во внимание, богатые и бедные, средний доход, нет единого ответа, природные бедствия, ловушка бедности, с низким доходом, копить, подняться из бедности, бесплатное обучение в школе, оставаться бедным, деньги для инвестиций.