- •Оглавление
- •1. Общий вопрос (General question).
- •2.Специальный вопрос (Special question).
- •3.Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question).
- •4. Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question).
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Read the text again and translate the first paragraph:
- •3. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799)
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Reading for general understanding. Skim read the Wet. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •Read and translate the third paragraph from the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •III. Answer the questions.
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it.
- •Read the text again and translate it.
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •Find all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Exercise 2. A few explanations to the text.
- •Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words and expressions.
- •Exercise 4.
- •Exercise 5. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Beading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.
- •Read and translate about reinforced concrete.
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text once more. Recognize all the sentences, relating to a particular paragraph.
- •6. Reading for general meaning. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •3. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •8. Match the parts of the following sentences:
- •Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •3. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •Make up a plan to the text.
- •Imagine you are a future skilled engineer. Say some words about properties of materials. Your talk should include 15—20 phrases.
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •4. Write all the complex sentences from the text and translate them.
- •Reinforced-concrete elements production Before-Reading
- •5. Read the text again and choose a right word:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false, Correct the false statements:
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:
- •2. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Choose suitable Russian words to English terms. Explain their meaning
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16.Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18.Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (theparticiple)
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •7.Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue "Service engineers " for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences
- •Список литературы
1. Discuss the following:
What are technological aspects of buildings?
Do you want to be an architectural engineer?
2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
technical detail
building material
illumination
master builder
to wall construction
wall line
structural design
architectural engineering
technological aspect
environmental system
communication
monument
mechanical code
construction techniques in buildings
3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
fire protection • управление строительством
fair conditioning • корпус судна
storm drainage • памятник
architectural engineering • инженер-архитектор
a monument • собор
construction management • пожарная безопасность
a castle • штурмовать дренаж
a cathedral • груз
a load • замок
a ship's hull • кондиционирование
While-Reading
1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
Engineering is a complex discipline, including a lot of fields. One of them is an architectural engineering. It is a discipline that deals with the technological aspects of buildings. They are the properties and behavior of building materials and their components, foundation design, structural analysis and design, construction management, and building operation. Besides architectural engineering deals with environmental system analysis and design. Every engineer knows an environmental system, which may account for 45-70% of a building's cost, includes heating, ventilating and air conditioning, illumination, building power system, plumbing and piping, storm drainage, building communications, acoustic, vertical and horizontal transportation, fire protection, alternate energy sources, heat recovery, and energy conservation. In addition, it is necessary to help protect everybody from unnecessary risk. That's why architectural engineers must know and be familiar with the various building codes, plumbing, electrical and mechanical codes, and the Life Safety Code. The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques in buildings which will minimize possible hazards to the occupants.
2. Reading for specific information. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text;
What is the architectural engineering?
May environmental system account for 45—70%?
For what must architectural engineers be familiar with the various building codes?
3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
to storm drainage
the Life Safety Code
to mobilize the resources
civil engineering infrastructure
to contain desirable interior environmental conditions
4. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
Environmental system, which may...
The latter code is ...
... A discipline that deals with the...
In addition, ...
...architectural engineering.
5. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
• Environmental systems, with may account for 35—90% of a building's cost, don't include heating.
A discipline that deals with the technological aspects of buildings, including the properties is an architectural engineering.
The latter code is designed to require planning and construction technologies in buildings which will minimize possible hazards to the occupants.
Including the properties and behavior of building materials and components, foundation design, structural analysis and design, environmental system analysis and design, construction management, and building operation.
Engineering is a simple discipline.
That's why architectural engineers must not know and be familiar with the various building codes.
Every engineer does not know an environmental system.
After-Reading
Grammar focus
Find all the sentences where the professional terminology is used, read and translate them. Write the professional terminology.
Write down all irregular verbs and their three forms.
Translate from Russian into English:
Архитектурная инженерия — дисциплина, которая имеет дело с технологическими аспектами зданий:
учитывает свойства и поведение строительных материалов и их компонентов;
проектирует фонд основания;
проводит структурный анализ проекта.
Get talking
1. Prepare reports about Great Russian architects and engineers. Are port should include 2000—3000 words.
GRAMMAR
MODALVERBS
Модальные глаголы показывают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом. Например, сравните:
You can speak English. Вы можете (умеете) говорить по-английски.
You must speak English. Вы должны говорить по-английски.
You may speak English. Вы можете говорить по-английски. (Вас поймут.)
Как видим, в одном и том же предложении изменение модального глагола меняет смысл всего предложения, т.е. меняется отношение к действию, выраженному инфинитивом.
Модальные глаголы не имеют форм во всех временах, для этого употребляются их эквиваленты (заменители).
Вопросительные и отрицательные предложения с модальными глаголами строятся без вспомогательных глаголов: Can you help те? — Yes, I can.— No, I can't. Вы можете помочь мне? — Да. - Нет.
К основным модальным глаголам относятся:
Модальный глагол саn
саn — мочь, быть в состоянии,
could — прошедшее время
предполагает наличие физической, умственной и прочих возможностей, позволяющих сделать что-либо:
/ can swim. — Я могу (я умею) плавать.
/ could translate this text. — (Я мог, был в состоянии) перевести этот текст.
Вежливую просьбу можно начинать с модального глагола could:
Could you help me, please! — He могли бы вы помочь мне, пожалуйста!
В будущем времени у глагола саn есть заменитель конструкция to be able to (быть в состоянии что-либо сделать): I shall be able to help you when I am free. — Я смогу помочь тебе, когда освобожусь.
Модальный глагол may
may - иметь возможность, получить разрешение (делать что-либо),
May I help you? — Можно вам помочь? — Yes, you may. — Да, можно.
Форма прошедшего времени might употребляется для выражения предположения:
Не might know about it. — Он, вероятно, знал об этом.
В будущем времени у модального глагола may ecть знаменатель— конструкция to be allowed to (получить решение сделать что-либо).
He will be allowed to take the book. Ему разрешат взять книгу.
Модальный глагол must
must — должен, обязан.
You must write it down now. — Вы должны написать это сейчас.
Заменителями глагола must являются глаголы to have to и to be to, которые имеют некоторые дополнительные оттенки значения. Глагол have to означает долженствование, вызванное обстоятельствами, вынужденную необходимость, в то время как глагол
To be to —долженствование, связанное с расписанием, планом или заранее сделанной договоренностью.
She had to stay at home. — Она вынуждена была (ей пришлось.) остаться дома.
The train was to arrive at 8 in the evening. — Поезд должен был прибыть в 8 вечера. (По расписанию).
После модальных глаголов и некоторых их эквивалентов инфинитив употребляется без частицы to.
Знаменателями модального глагола must являются также модальные глаголы ought to, should (в значении совета, рекомендации, упрека).
Children ought to obey their parents. — Дети должны слушать своих родителей.
You should enter the Institute. – Вам следует поступить в институт (рекомендация, совет).
В сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом глаголshould выражает сожаление о невыполненном действии и переводится «следовало бы».
You should have helped them. - Вам следовало бы помочь им. (Но вы не сделали этого).
Модальный глагол should
Модальный глагол shouldв сочетании с перфектным инфинитивом should have doneвыражает действия, которые должны были произойти в прошлом, но по каким-то причинам не произошли, переводится на русский язык «следовало», «нужно было».
You should have helped them. Вам следовало помочь им.
You should have done this. Вам следовало это сделать, (упрек)
This work should have been
Do ne yesterday. Эту работу нужно было сделать вчера.
Модальный глагол would
Модальный глагол wouldможет иметь следующие значения:
1) Вежливая просьба. Would you help me? He поможете ли вы мне?
2) Повторяемость действия в прошлом. Не would often help me. Он, бывало, часто помогал мне.
3) Стойкое нежелание совершать какие-либо действия. Не wouldn't listen to me. Он никак не хотел слушать меня.
Модальный глагол need
Модальный глагол need- «нужно, надо» употребляется, в основном, в отрицательных предложениях. You need n't do it now. Вам не нужно делать это сейчас.
Модальный глагол shall
Модальный глагол shallупотребляется в тех случаях, когда cпрашивается разрешение на совершение какого-либо действия, и является иногда заменителем модального глагола must. Shall I help you? Вам помочь? Shall we translate the text? Нам переводить текст?
Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian
1. Who is to answer my question?
2. Nobody could translate this text.
3. He has to do this task at once.
4. Must I attend this meeting? - No, you needn't.
5. You should have shown your notes to the teacher.
6. I asked him, but he wouldn't listen to me.
7. They should have visited her, she was in the hospital.
8. Last summer we would often go to the country.
9. Your son could do this work himself.
10. Would you tell me the way to the station?
11. Your friend might have informed us.
12. May I leave for a while? - Yes, you may.
13. She should be more attentive to her parents.
14. You needn't come so early.
Exercise 2. Translate from English into Russian
1.We have to stay at home. 2. He was allowed to take this book. 3. Who is able to do this work? 4. He had to leave for Moscow earlier. 5. We are to take exams in June. 6. Are they allowed to visit you? 7. They were able to do this work in time. 8 I am able to pass my examinations. 9. She'll be allowed to watch TV. 10. I have to come in time. 11. The train is to come soon. 12. Will you be able to drive a car?
Exercise 3. Replace modal verbs with their equivalents
1. Не couldn't explain anything. 2. You must not stay here. 3. Can you swim? 4. You may take these books. 5. They can run quickly. 6. She might work in our room. 7. Who can read this text? 8. They must go there tomorrow. 9. May I go to the cinema? 10. We must meet at 7 o'clock.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the texts
GREAT RUSSIAN ARCHITECTS