М инистерство образования и науки Астраханской области

Областное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Астраханский инженерно-строительный институт»

Кафедра «Философия, социология и лингвистика»

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Учебное пособие

для студентов очного отделения

строительных специальностей

Астрахань 2012

ББК

Учебное пособие рекомендовано для студентов инженерно строительных специальностей высших учебных заведений. Содержит лекционные и практические задания по курсу английский язык. Цель пособия поэтапное формирование такого коммуникативного микро-умения как чтения формулирование собственного мнения, понимания главной мысли текста. Пособие содержит основные лексические единицы задания для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов. Пособие состоит из 17 основных уроков и нацеливает будущего специалиста строительной сферы на овладение профессиональными знаниями, поскольку адресовано прежде всего тем, кто изучает строительство как специальность.

Утверждено к печати на заседание кафедры ФСЛ

Протокол № ___ от _______2012г.

Рекомендовано к рассмотрению на заседании методсовета ГАОУ АО ВПО «АИСИ» Протокол № ___ от _______2012г.

Утверждено на заседании редакционно-издательского совета ГАОУ АО ВПО «АИСИ»

Протокол № ___ от _______2012г.

Автор: Мирветалиева С.З., к.п.н., доцент кафедры ФСЛ ГАО ВПО «АИСИ»

Рецензенты: Симоненко М.А., к.ф.н., доцент кафедры ФСЛ ГАО ВПО «АИСИ»

Храмова Ю.А. к.ф.н., доцент кафедры английского языка для экономических специальностей Астраханского государственного университета

Мирветалиева С.З.

ГАОУ АО ВПО «Астраханский инженерно-строительный институт»

Оглавление

176

Список литературы 177

Unit1

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

ABOUT MYSELF

Let me introduce myself. My full name is Andrey Sergeevich Ivanov. I was born on April 8, 1987 in Astrakhan.

Our family is neither large nor small. There are four of us: my mother, my father, my brother and me. It is an average Russian family.

My father is 47 years old. He is a Civil engineer. He works at the Building Site. He is always busy. He has very little free time. He likes his job. My mother teaches foreign languages at the Astrakhan State University. She works a lot. She does her house-work and I always help her. My brother is 20 years old. He is a student of the Economics Faculty. He is not married yet and has no family of his own.

I am a first-year-student of the Astrakhan Engineer Building Institute. Last year I finished a secondary school and entered the Institute. I have various subjects at the Institute: high mathematics, drawing geometry, English, history of the world and national culture, physics, chemistry and many others. When I graduate from the Institute, I shall become a Civil engineer, like my father.

I have two grandmothers and one grandfather. I love them very much and often go to see them.

We have many relatives. My aunts, uncles and cousins live in different parts of Russia. On holidays they often come to our place. We have a very good time together.

At the week-ends we usually go to the country-side to ski in winter and to walk in the forest in summer. We are happy to be together.

Exercise 2.Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

to enter the Institute поступить в институт

to finish a secondary school- закончить среднюю школу

to graduate from (the Institute,

the University)- закончить (институт, университет)

a first-year student- студент первого курса

slim- adj стройная

fair- adj светлый

hair- n волосы

to listen- v слушать

everyday- adj повседневный, обычный

housewife- n домохозяйка

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions

1. When was A. S. Ivanov born?

2. Is his family large?

3. How many persons are there in Andrey`s family?

4. How old is his father? What is his profession?

5. Does Andrey help his mother?

6. Where does Andrey`s brother study?

7. Where does Andrey Ivanov study?

8. What do the Ivanovs do at the week-ends?

Exercise 4.Write a story about yourself. The questions below can help you

1. What is your name?

2. Where and when were you born?

3. How old are you?

4. Have you got a family?

5. How many people are there in your family?

6. Do you have brothers, sisters, grandparents in your family?

7. Where do you live?

8. Did you study well at school?

9. What was your favourite subject?

10. What school did you finish?

11. Did your teachers at school help you to choose your future profession?

12. What do you like to read?

13. What sport do you go in for?

14. What are you going to be?

Discussion.

Exercise1. Work in pairs.

Ask your partner about his or her name, his or her age, his or her future profession, his or her address, his or her nationality etc.

Exercise 2. Make up short dialogues like in the examples:

1.

• Hello! My name is Mike. And what’s your name?

• My name is Peter.

• How old are you?

• I’m 18.

• What is your future profession?

• I’m a future engineer.

• What is your address?

• My address is 22, High Street, London, England.

2.

• Hello! I’m a new student. My name is Fred.

• Hello Fred! My name is Helen.

• How are you Helen?

• I’m very well? Thank you. And you?

• I’m fine, thanks. What is your telephone number?

• My telephone number is 792085.

• What nationality are you?

• I’m Russian.

You can use the following expressions:

Nice to meet you how are you?

Nice to hear it what’s the news?

Glad to see you Fine, thanks.

Let me introduce… You look wonderful.

Haven’t seen you for ages. It’s a pleasure to talk to you.

You look pretty well. You flatter me.

Exercise 3. Make up a dialogue with your partner based on the situations given below.

1. You introduce yourself to a new next door neighbor. You both exchange information to cover: name, origin, job, etc.

2. You meet a friend of yours in the street and ask each other questions about health, family, etc. Your friend has a guest staying with him and you want to find out about him (his name, origin, job, appearance, age, character, etc.).

Exercise 4. Find in the right column Russian equivalents

1. сourse 1. выполнять

2. enough 2. готовить

3. equipment 3. довольно

4. foreign 4. достаточно

5. half 5. знания

6. knowledge 6. иностранный

7. language 7. курс

8. quarter 8. несколько

9. rather 9. оборудование

10. rest 10.обычно

11.several 11.остаток

12.subject 12.половина

13.term 13.предмет

14.to carry out 14.предпочитать

15.to connect 15.пропускать

16.to miss 16.различный

17.to prefer 17.соединять

18.to prepare 18.термин

19.usually 19.четверть

20.various 20.язык

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text.

STUDENT’S WORKING DAY

Hi again… As you already know, I am Victor and I am a first-year student of the Technical Academy.

Now, let me describe my usual working day. My classes begin at nine o’clock. So on weekdays I have to get up at half past seven. My alarm clock usually wakes me up and my working day begins. I turn on radio, do my morning exercises, take a shower and brush my teeth. After that I get dressed and comb my hair. Then I have breakfast. I love to listen to the latest news on the radio while I am eating.

I leave the house at ten minutes past eight and walk to the nearest bus stop. I live rather far from the Academy and it usually takes me about a quarter of an hour to get there by bus. Sometimes when the weather the weather is fine and I have enough time I walk to the Academy.

As a rule we have three or four classes a day. We have lectures in different subjects. Usually I don’t miss my classes because I want to pass my examinations successfully. But sometimes I do, especially when the weather is fine and the classes are boring.

At twelve o’clock we have a big interval for lunch. That’s my favourite time. That is the time to share the latest news my friends. I prefer not to go to the canteen and we often lunch in a small cafe not too far from the Academy. At one o’clock we have to be back to our classes. During the working day we also have several short intervals that last for ten minutes.

From time to time I have to stay at the academy till late in the evening because I go to the library to get ready for my practical classes or to write a report. As a rule I have no free time on weekdays. So, by the end of the week I get very tired.

I come home at about 7 o’clock in the evening. My parents are already at home. We have supper together. After supper we wash dishes, drink coffee or tea and watch TV. I prefer old comedies and serials or films about travelling. Sometimes I go for a walk in the park or visit my friends.

At about eleven at night I go to bed. I like to read something before going to bed or to listen to some music. Sometimes I fall asleep while I am reading.

Exercise 6. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

weekdays n рабочие дни

share делить(ся)

alarm clock будильник

turn on (off) v включать, (выключать)

get dressed одеваться

successfully успешно

boring скучный

especially особенно

have to be back должны вернуться

comb hair причесывать волосы

report доклад

canteen столовая

it takes me … minutes

to get to the Academy by busу меня уходит … минут, чтобы

добраться до Академии на автобусе

to miss classes пропускать занятия

to pass exams сдать экзамены

to get ready подготовиться

as a rule как правило

to get tried устать

fall asleep засыпать

Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1. Victor is a first year student of …

2. His classes begin at …

3. On weekdays Victor has to get up at …

4. He likes to listen to … on the radio while he is eating.

5. Victor leaves the house at … and walks to …

6. As a rule he has … classes a day.

7. At twelve o`clock Victor has … . It is his favourite time.

8. He comes home at … in the evening.

9. After supper he usually …

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. What's your name (surname)?

1. Please spell (назовите по буквам) your name and surname.

2. Have you got a family?

3. What’s your mother’s (father’s, sister’s) name?

4. How old are you?

5. How old is your mother (father, sister, and brother)?

6. What’s your job?

7. What does your father (mother) do?

8. Does your brother (sister) work or study?

9. Do you work and study?

10. Where does your sister (brother) study or work?

11. What do you want to become?

12. Are you married or single?

13. What kind of house do you live in?

14. What kind of flat have you got?

15. Does your flat have all modern conveniences?

16. Can you say that you are a friendly family?

Exercise 9.Translate into English:

1. Моя сестра живет с бабушкой в Петербурге.

2. Ее зовут Марина. Ей 17 лет.

3. В этом году она заканчивает школу.

4. Она собирается поступать в Политехнический институт и хочет стать инженером.

5. У вас есть брат? – Да.

5. Как его зовут? Сколько ему лет?

6. Он работает или учится?

7. Где он учится?

8. Кто он по специальности?

9. Он женат? У него есть дети?

10. Как зовут его сына (дочь)?

11. Жена вашего брата работает или учится?

12. Где они живут?

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following text.

Astrakhan Engineer Building Institute

After finishing secondary school, lyceum or gymnasium one can go on to higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Entrance examinations are held in July and August. Higher educational institutions are headed by Rectors. Vice-rectors are in charge of the academic and scientific work. Higher educational institutions train undergraduates and graduate students in one or several specializations. The faculties are headed by the Deans. There are departments within faculties.

Institutions of higher education include: technical training schools, teachers training colleges, universities which offer master’s and doctoral degrees programmes.

A.E.B.I is one of the youngest state high school. It was founded in 1992 from the building faculty of Technical University and technical college № 12.

It is very difficult for young institute to survive during these years. Because it is state – subsidized and it has to organize some commercial structures in order to get money for buying everything necessary for studing.

In 1997 the institute got two buildings: the main one for academic purpose and a hostel. Originally there was only one faculty in our institute – industrial and civil construction and only two hundred students. Now there are five faculties, thirteen chairs a library, some laboratories, gyms one thousand and five hundred students in it. There faculties are: industrial and civil construction, heat and gas supply and ventilation, water supply and water leading, architecture and design, applied geodesy.

A lot of professors, doctors of science, assistant professors, candidates of science, experienced lectors train and teach students using know-how technology-through projecting and studing.

It means that each student fulfil his project up to the graduating from the institute only learning all academic subjects perfectly and using these knowledge and scientific research exactly and creatively. Every year in April almost all students of the institute take part in scientific technical conference with their research works and scientific reports.

Winners get diplomas and prizes. During the years of studing students get four diplomas – the worker after the first course, the technician after the third course, the bachelor after the forth course and the constructor-engineer after the fifth course.

The institute has got specialized tenth and eleventh classes for pupils who get primary knowledge of math’s and physics for engineers.

In 2003 the institute got state accreditation and established a specialised council for conferring advanced academic degree in building mechanics.

Soon our institute will have one more academic building for laboratories and faculties.

Exercise 2.Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

1.education образование

2.language язык

3.shop магазин

4.primary начальный

5.entrance вступительный

6.to enter поступать

7.subject предмет

8.higher education высшее образование

9.secondary education среднее образование

10.to attend посещать

11.term семестр

12.to pass an examination сдать экзамены

13.to fail examination провалить экзамены

14.generation поколение

15.foreign иностранный

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. When was your Institute established?

2. What is the most popular faculty in your Institute?

3. How many people are currently enrolled?

Exercise 4.Put 5 questions on the text

Exercise 5.Chose the antonyms to the words from the column A.

А. 1. to complete 2. after 3. to leave 4. to pass an examination 5.to ask 6. much 7. tomorrow 8. here 9. to graduate (from) 10. evening 11. to receive 12. south

Б. 1. to return 2. to fail in an examination 3. to begin 4. before 5. yesterday 6. little 7. to answer 8. to enter 9. morning 10. there 11. bad 12. north

Exercise 6.Think of some questions for the following answers. The answers needn't be true.

1. Almost all the students. 2. Between you and me. 3. During the lecture. 4. Either today or tomorrow 5. Very difficult

6. Foreign 7. My friends 8. I don't think so. 9. In the institute. 10. Never.

Discussion.

Now you begin an institute course of English. It is very important to know what you think about it. Is it necessary for a future engineer to study a foreign language?

a) Read pros and cons given below. Think of some more which are important in your opinion.

For	Against
1. I can read scientific journals in English as soon as they are published 2. I can speak to foreign colleagues if necessary. 3. I can read English books. 4. I can find out more about the world.	1. It takes a lot of time to learn a foreign language. 2. It is impossible to learn a foreign language. 3. I can read interesting articles when they are translated into Russian. 4. I think it is very difficult to learn a foreign language.

1. Discuss the problem in groups of 3-5 students. You may find the following expressions helpful:

I think ...

Speaking for myself...

I suppose...

I'm sure ...

In my opinion ...

My future profession

1. Read and translate the text:

Housing and capital construction is being carried out on a large scale in our country. That is why the building profession attracts many young men and women nowadays. There are many institutes in our country, which train civil and industrial engineers whose profession embraces many fields. A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools, palaces, museums, theatres, kindergartens and hospitals, power stations, dams, reservoirs and irrigation systems.

Engineers must have a scientific altitude, imagination, initiative and good judgements, obtained by experience and serious work.

They must know mathematics as well as physics and strength of materials. A qualified building worker must be able to read technical drawing. Civil engineers and architects must have some knowledge of sculpture, painting, design and mechanical engineering, geography, city planning, etc.

The successful fulfillment of housing plans in our country is a practical realization of industrialized building method. Nowadays houses are ambled from prefabricated units, which are delivered to the construction site.

Students of building institutes study these new building methods as well as building materials and their use. Students have field courses do practical before graduation. They learn the trade of builder, master professional skills and understand industrial management. They deal with building in warn and humid climates. Outstanding specialists teach them how to build at permafrost, at sea, how to protect buildings from earthquakes, how to preserve environment.

Civil engineers and architects have the main aim - to provide people with all modern conveniences, such as running water, gas, electricity, central heating and so on.

They must create attractive structures. An engineer is engaged to prepare the plan and specifications and usually to supervise the construction of the project. It is the duty of an engineer to design the project, which will most nearly satisfy the needs of the occupants at the lowest practical cost. Civil engineers must not only help to fulfil construction programs but to carry out scientific and research work, to improve building materials and methods.

So as I have been studing in the building institute now, I have to learn various subjects connected with professions of engineers and architects: architectural projecting, drawing geometry, painting, math and so on.

I am fond of art. It is very difficult to say what art is. It has been differently characterized in every epoch of history.

The word art comes from a Latin term meaning ‘skill, way or method’. In ancient times and during the Middle Ages all kinds of trades and professions were known as arts. The liberal arts of the medieval curriculum included music, but neither painting, sculpture, nor architecture, which were numbered among the mechanical arts. Only beginning with the fifteenth century, the term art has taken on as its principle characteristic the requirement of aesthetic appreciation as distinguished from utility.

The word aesthetic arises from a Greek term for ‘perceive’. What perceived aesthetically is ‘beauty’. The ability to embrace human experience and transmit it to the observer distinguishes the work of art. We admire the works of art without knowing anything of their purpose, standing as we do at a totally different moment of history.

There are many works of prehistoric art – like the animals on cave walls and ceiling. We enjoy the works of art that came down to us; the most wonderful are the Seven Wonders of the World, the Old Masters’ works, the Impressionists.

I want to study the works of art of the outstanding painters, sculptors and architects to understand their power over people.

2. Answer these questions and add information to the given text:

1. Explain why you entered architectural faculty?

2. Which is your favourite academic subject and why?

3. What means “scientific work” in the institute?

4. How do you think if your going in for scientific work during studying helps in future? Give the reason.

5. What subjects can help you to obtain skills?

6. What kind of practical experiment during classes will be useful for your profession?

7. What kind of architecture are you interested in: design of interiors, reconstruction of ancient buildings, research work in using of new architectural forms or building materials, city planning, design of landscape or anything else?

8. Where do you prefer to work after graduating from the institute: in the institute, on the building site, in the projecting institute, at the firm?

3. Find English equivalents to the Russian words:

a scale навык

to attract ощущать

to train иметь дело

to embrace создавать

residential жилец

a bridge цель

a kindergarten вечная мерзлота

a power station оросительная система

a dam пещера

a reservoir требование

an irrigation system детский сад

altitude наблюдатель, зритель

imagination власть

initiative термин

judgement способность

to obtain совершенствоваться

experience цель

fulfillment инициатива

to be ambled охватывать

to deliver спецификация

trade дамба

to master доставлять

management суждение

to deal with защищать

humid жилой

to protect передавать

earthquake стремление

to preserve восхищаться

aim почти

to provide with подготавливать

to be engaged соответствовать

to prepare отличать

specification выполнение

to supervise возникать

to satisfy сохранять

nearly профессия

an occupant хранилище

to fulfil приобретать

to carry out обучать

to improve выполнять

a term воображение

skill мост

to be numbered составлять

requirement электростанция

aesthetic опытный

to arise привлекать

perceive влажный

ability руководство

to transmit осуществлять

observer масштаб

to distinguish обеспечивать

to admire улучшать

purpose эстетичный

prehistoric землетрясение

a cave быть занятым

to enjoy осуществлять контроль

power наслаждаться

permafrost доисторический

to create перечислять

4. Find synonyms to the following words: навык (опыт), цель, профессия, обучать, совершенствовать (улучшать).Compose some sentences on the to picof the text using the se words.

5. Define which field of mankind’s activity these word combinations belong to:

Construction	Education	Art	Epoch-country

Strength of materials, a qualified building worker, technical drawing, mechanical engineering, city planning, housing plan, prefabricated unit, construction site, field course, graduation, professional skill, modern conveniences, running water, electricity, central heating, attractive structure, to design the project, lowest practical cost, construction program, building materials, building methods, architectural projecting, drawing geometry, painting, Middle Ages, liberal art, medieval, curriculum, architecture, century, aesthetic appreciation, utility, Greek, beauty, human experience, Seven Wonders, the Old Masters’ works, the Impressionists.

6. Prove these statements using information from the text and additional one:

1) Housing and capital construction is being carried out on a large scale in our country (Why? In what manner?). 2) Civil engineers and architects must have knowledge of some science and art (What kind of knowledge? What for?). 3) Students of building institute study new building methods, materials and their use (What peculiarities of the builder’s trade?). 4) Civil engineers and architects must create attractive structures with all modern conveniences (What kind? What are differences between these two trades?).

GRAMMAR

THERE + TO BE

Конструкция there + to be (there is\are) указывает на наличие или отсутствие какого-либо не называвшегося ранее предмета или лица в определенном месте. Английскому предложению с конструкцией there is(are) соответствует русское предложение, которое обычно начинается с обстоятельства места. Конструкция there is (are) переводится словами есть, имеется, находится.

После конструкции there is (are) исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе употребляются с неопределенным артиклем, а исчисляемые существительные во множественном числе и неисчисляемые существительные – с местоимениями some, any.

There is a telephone in that В той комнате есть телефон.

room.

There are some students В библиотеке несколько студентов.

in the library.

There aren`t any children В парке нет детей.

in the park.

There is some tea in the box. В коробке есть немного чая.

Следует иметь в виду, что если речь идет о местоположении конкретного (известного) предмета, то конструкция there is/are не употребляется.

There is a newspaper on На столе газета.

the table.

The newspaper is on the table. Газета на столе.

В конструкции there is there не имеет самостоятельного значения, поэтому при переводе на английский язык русских предложений, в которых обстоятельство места выражено наречием там, необходимо в конце предложения употребить наречие there:

There are some students there. Там несколько студентов.

Вопросительная форма предложений с оборотом there is (are) строится следующим образом

Общий вопрос:

Is there a map in your room? В вашей комнате есть карта?

Are there mistakes in his dictation? В его диктанте есть ошибки?

Специальный вопрос:

What is there in the bag? Что в сумке?

Разделительный вопрос:

There are some pupils

in the classroom, aren`t they? В классе ученики, не так ли?

Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится непосредственно после глагола to be. В разговорной речи употребляется сокращенная отрицательная форма глагола to be.

There is not (is n`t) a book На моем столе нет книги.

on my table.

There are not (aren`t) books На моем столе нет книг.

On my table.

Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.

Present Simple

There is a picture on the wall. На стене картина.

There are pictures on the wall. На стене картины.

Past Simple

There was a picture on the wall. На стене была картина.

There were pictures on the wall. На стене были картины.

Future Simple

There will be pictures on the wall. На стене будут картины.

Exercise 1. Put the following sentences in negative and interrogative forms.

Model: There is a map in your room.

There isn`t a map in your room.

Is there a map in your room?

1. There is a blackboard in our class-room.

2. There are English books on the table.

3. There are mistakes in your dictation.

4. There is a new grammar rule in Lesson 4.

5. There is a telegram on the table.

Exercise 2.Put the verbs in correct forms.

Model:There (is, are) a large table in my room.

There is a large table in my room.

1. There (is, are) three windows in my classroom.

2. There (is, are) a table and four chairs in my sister`s room.

3. There (is, are) a blackboard, four tables and five chairs in our classroom.

4. There (is, are) a text-book on my table.

5. There (is, are) many children in the park.

6. There (isn`t, aren`t) a university in this town.

Exercise 3.Use to be in necessary form:

1. There…a telegram on the table. 2….there any telegrams from Moscow? Yes, there…some. 3…there a flight from Moscow tomorrow? Yes, there…. 4. There…a lot of stars and planets in space. 5. Some years ago there…many old houses in our street. 6….there any lectures yesterday? No, there… . 7….there a lamp over the table? Yes, there… .8….there any interesting stories in this book? 9…there a test last lesson? No, there… . 10. Soon there…a new film on.

Exercise 4. Write the following sentences. Use Past and Future Tenses.

1. There is much snow in winter. 2. There are 5 theatres in our city. 3. There is no lift in our house. 4. There are many new books in our library.5.There is little milk in the bottle. 6. There are 3 rooms in our flat. 7. There is a map on the wall.

Exercise 5. Put questions on the following sentences.

1. There are some new books in our library. 2. There is no book on the table. 3. There were many old houses in our street. 4. There are 4 seasons in a year.5.There will be a conference next week. 6. There are many large cities in our country. 7. There was nobody in the room. 8. There are 7 days in a week. 9. There is something on the shelf. 10. There are many places of interest in London. 11. There are many beautiful flowers in our garden. 12. There was much work last week.

GRAMMAR

Спряжение глагола to be

Число	Утвердительная Форма	Вопросительная форма		Отрицательная форма
Настоящее время (Present Simple)
Ед. число	I am. You are. He (she, it) is.	Am I? Are you? Is he (she, it)?	I am not. You are not. He (she, it) is not.
Мн. Число	We (you, they) are?	Are we (you, they)?	We (you, they) are not.
Прошедшее время (Past Simple)
Ед. число	I (he, she, it) was. You were.	Was I (he, she, it)? Were you?	I (he, she, it) was not. You were not.
Мн. Число	We (you, they) were.	Were we (you, they)?	We (you, they) were not.
Будущее время (Future Simple)
Ед. число	I shall be. You (he, she, it) will be.	Shall I be? Will you (he, she, it) be.	I shall not be. You (he, she, it) will not be.
Мн. число	We shall be. You (they) will be.	Shall we be? Will you (they) be?	We shall not be. You (they) will not be.

Exercise 1. Insert necessary form of the verb to be

1. He…born in 1985. 2. We…students now. 3. We…good friends in our group. 4. It…an interesting book. 5. Who…absent today?6.He…a student. 7. Who… he? 8….he a doctor? 9. This…my pencil. 10. Where…this book? It …on the table.11. What…their names? 12. Mary…a girl. 13. This man…in the room. 14. How…she? 15. How…you? 16. I…fine. 17. How…your friend? 18….he your son?19. Tomorrow we…at home. 20….you a sportsman? 21. There…no book on the table. 22. It…my parents` car.

GRAMMAR

Plural of Nouns

Множественное число образуется путем прибавления окончания –s.

Окончание –es прибавляется после существительных оканчивающихся на –о, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на –y с предшествующей согласной, имеют во множественном числе окончание –es, причем –y, меняется на –i, исключение из этого правила составляют имена собственные.

Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на –f, имеют во множественном числе окончание –ves, кроме некоторых исключений, handkerchiefs, roofs, safes.

Имена существительные, имеющие две формы множественного числа:

hoofs or or hooves

scarfs or scarves

cargos or cargoes

volcanos or volcanoes

В следующих существительных употребляется только –s:

bamboos, photos, pianos, radios, videos

Существительные образующие множественное число путем изменения корневых гласных:

man men

foot feet

tooth teeth

goose geese

mouse mice

Некоторые имена существительные, заимствованные из греческого и латинского языков, сохранили форму множественного числа, которую они имеют в этих языках:

Datum data

Crisis crises

Basis bases

Memorandum memoranda

Существительное ох (бык) принимает во множественном числе окончание – en, oxen.

Существительное child имеет во множественном числе формуchildren.

Существительное penny(пенс) имеет форму множественного числаpence, когда речь идет о денежной сумме. Когда же имеются ввиду отдельные моменты, то употребляется формаpennies.

Существительные, имеющие одинаковую форму в единственном и множественном числе:

sheep, aircraft, deer, salmon

Сложные существительные, которые пишутся слитно образуют множественное число по правилу, которому подчиняется второе слово:

Schoolboy schoolboys

Housewife housewives

Postman postmen

В сложных именах существительных, которые пишутся через дефис, форму множественного числа принимает основное в смысловом отношении слово:

Custom-house custom-houses

Hotel-keeper hotel-keepers

Mother-in-law mothers-in-law

Если первым словом сложного существительного является слово man, woman, то оба слова принимают форму множественного числа women-doctors.

Следующие существительные употребляются только в единственном числе:

Advice, progress, knowledge, information, money, news.

Существительное hair употребляется как в единственном, так и во множественном числе со значением: волосок - hair, волоски – hairs.

Названия наук, оканчивающиеся на – iсs, mathematics, phonetics, physics употребляются со знанием единственного числа, хотя имеют форму множественного числа.

Phonetics is the science of sounds.

Существительное fruit употребляется в единственном числе. Fruit is cheap in summer.

Но для обозначения различных видов фруктов употребляется множественное число fruits:

On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits.

Следующие существительные употребляются только во множественном числе:

Scissors, trousers, glasses, tights, goods, clothes, arms, stairs, brains, police, scales, tongs, proceeds (выручка).

Существительное wage, “заработная плата” употребляется преимущественно в ферме множественного числа wages

Следующие существительные, не изменяя своей формы, употребляются как в единственном, так и во множественном числе:

Family, commitee, company, government, team, staff, public, youth.

Exercise 1. Give the plurals of these words:

Pipe vice house tyre knife

Pump box bench buttery switch

Bucket car roof saw shelf

Rope bulb file man factory building

Exercise 2. Change into the plural.

1. The sheep is eating grass. 2. There is a potato on the plate. 3. The postman is always very busy. 4. The roof of this house is bad. 5. This is a lovely city. 6. His family is at home. 7. My sister has long hour. 8. His wife is a doctor. 9. Who is this woman? 10. This piano is of the latest model. 11. That is Ann’s photo. 12. This woman’s husband is a good sportsman. 13. He has a bad tooth. 14. The book is on the table.

Exercise 3. Wrate the plural form of the following.

A.regular nouns

story, play, glass, flag, photo, name, match, knife, bush, chief, page, radio, roof, prize, set, key, factory, wolf, piano, class, cup, city

B.ir regular nouns

child, goose, man, foot, mouse, woman, sheep, person, deer, tooth,ox

C. nouns of Greek or Latin origin

Criterion, datum, formula, crisis, stimulus, index, phenomenon, medium, oasis, nucleus, memorandum, basis, radius, analysis, symposium, hypothesis

D. compound nouns

fellow-worker, merry-go-round, man-of-war, passer-by,sister-in-law,forget-me-not,room-mate,lily-of-the-valley,ticket-holder,commander-in-chief,governor-general

Exercise 4.Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the words in bold type.

1.The windows in his car are made of unbreakable glass.2.He gave me a glass of water.3.These are the works of Shakespeare.4.He is not at home, he is at the works. He is installing new equipment.5.His work is rather dull, he thinks.

Exercise 5.Match the word on the left with its partner on the right.

E x a m p l e: a piece music-a piece of music

1)a lump a)lightening

2)a bit b)thunder

3)a flash c)clothing

4)a stroke d)air

5)a slice e)salt

6)a clap f)bread

7)a sum g)rain

8)an article h)milk

9)a loaf i)soap

10)a bar j)toothpaste

11)a spot k)cloth

12)a carton l)furniture

13)a tube m)paper

14)a puff n)cheese

15)an item o)money

16)a sheet p)luck

17)a strip q)ice

18)a grain r)sugar

19)a block s)information

20)a breath t)smoke

Exercise 6.Find the odd word in the chain of the nouns.

E x a m p l e: tea – butter – onions – meat

1)trousers-spectacles-scales-news

2)advice-knowledge-contents-progress

3)phonetics-vacation-goods-information

4)criteria-datum-oases-radii

5)mice-men-goats-geese

6)police-work-weather-furniture

7)congress-team-government-equipment

8)water-potato-milk-bread

9)time-business-stone-bird

10)means-species-crossroads-wolves

11)thanks-barracks-congratulation-authorities

12)diagnoses-roofs-cattle-accommodation

13)premises-mechanics-darts-laughter

14)success-research-applause-path

15)journey-voyage-travel-walk

Unit2

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

ASTRAKHAN

I’m a native resident of Astrakhan. I was born here and have been living here So Astrakhan is my native town and I’d like to tell something about it. I ’ve visited some other towns and cities but I’ve never been there more than a month. Astrakhan attracts me no matter what and interesting places I was in.

Astrakhan is situated on the bank of the Volga River near the Caspian Sea. It emerged hundreds years ago on 12 islands at the place where the great Russian river joins the Caspian Sea. The history of our town dates back to the 13-th century when a small settlement appeared on the banks of the river Volga.

Astrakhan was founded in 1558 but it does not mean that there were no towns on the territory of modern Astrakhan Region. Since old times there have been different settlements of nomadic tribes. There was a state of Khazars, with the capital ITIL. At about 140 km, from modern Astrakhan there was an ancient capital of the Golden Hords – SARAI–BATU – that of the great and powerful empire of tatar–mongols. Great battles were on this territory among Slavs, Pechenegs, Khazars and Polovets.

But the history of the present Astrakhan began only in the 16-th century. It is closely connected with the history of our Kremlin. It was built in 1552 and this data is considered to be the beginning of our town history, which is very rich. Stepan Rasin, Yemelyan Pugachen, Ivan Bolotnikov visited our town during the peasants’ uprisings. The history of the town closely connected with such famous names as Tatischev, Alexsander Dumas, Taras Shevchenko, Anton Chekhov, Alexsander Suvorov, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Peter the Great, Alexsander I.

The left bank of the river was chosen then for the Kremlin and centre of the town because it is the most suitable place for the fortress where Astrakhan was at that time. The place named Hare’s Island. It is here that the Kremlin is situated.

At present Astrakhan covers 44.1 thousand square kilometers. Since old times it has absorbed many types of architecture. The largest part of town centre belongs to the end of the XIX-th and the beginning of the XX-th century. As our town was situated in the crossroads of the trade ways there appeared many foreign residents influencing much its architecture. Now lots of modern buildings exist in the centre of the town.

There is 1 mln. people living here. If you look at the map you can see that Astrakhan has common borders with Kazakhstan, Kalmyk Republic, Volgograd Region. Our region is situated near the Caucasus and we have a sea border with Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Iran, Turkmenia. That’s why people of different nationalities (163) inhabit our region.

Frankly speaking, Astrakhan was not highly developed industrial city untill recently. Of course, there were some large factories and plants but the natural resources of the Region were not widely used then. Today Astrakhan is the centre of highly developed gas–processing, light and fish industry. The town is still famous for its fisheries. Farmers still grow water–melons, cabbage, red beet, tomatoes, rice that are considered among the best in the country. That’s why the town is sometimes called “the country’s vegetable garden”. The Region exports tomatoes, water-melons, fish and fish products, sturgeon and black caviar in particular, and it gives the town pride and fame. Besides Astrakhan is an important river and sea port. It is the centre of ship-building which is rooted deep in the past. Speaking about industry in Astrakhan we can’t but mention about the environmental situation here. Work of the Pulp-and-Paper Plant, processing of sulphur at the Gas-Processing Complex don’t add positive effect to the surrounding medium. Strict measures must be taken to prevent Cripling effect as the results of these productions.

Some very important problems in this situation concerning health protection arise in our Region, as well as the problems of water purity, soil protection and air polluting.

Astrakhan is connected with other cities of the country and some foreign countries by trains, airplanes and steamers. Our airport is of international status. Town’s internal means of transportation are trams, buses, trolley-buses and taxi service.

Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words.

native resident коренной житель

native town родной город

attract привлекать

besituated находиться

emerge появляться, возникать

island остров

settlement поселение, колония

appear появляться, возникать

nomadictribe кочевое племя

battle битва

be closely connected быть тесно связанным

suitable подходящий

cover покрывать

absorb поглощать, всасывать

influence влиять

border граница

frankly speaking откровенно говоря

developed industrial city развитый промышленный город

environment окружающая среда

protection защита

pollute загрязнять

service обслуживание

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions

1. What new information have you known from this text?

2. Where is Astrakhan situated?

3. When was Astrakhan founded?

4. What can you say about history of Astrakhan?

5. Where is the Kremlin situated?

6. What can you say about Astrakhan borders with other regions.

7. What do you know about industry in Astrakhan?

8. What is environmental situation in our region?

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

ASTRAKHAN (part 2)

Well, to continue, our town is an educational centre of our Region. There are some higher educational establishments here. They are State University, Technical University of Fishing Industry and Economy, Medical State Academy, Conservatory, Engineer Building Institute and some other higher educational establishments. There are a lot of secondary schools, sport schools. By this we have Astrakhan State Reservation located in the Volga Delta where wide scientific-research work is being carried out, concerning many birds and rare plants, lotus included. It is a rare flower which can be found only here and that’s why “Lotus and Fish” is the emblem of our town.

The cultural life of our town is rich and many-aspected. Moscow is not the only city to boast of Kremlin (built 1552). There are a lot of interesting collections in the Kremlin and many tourists come to see them. Nowadays it has become a great church again.

Some other museums play a significant role in the life of any nation. One can learn many interesting facts in our museums about history, traditions and customs of different people. There one can also find documents, photographs, books, works of art and other things. These museums are: Museum of Local Lore, Museum of Military Glory, Museum of Chernyshevsky, Picture Gallery named after Kustodiyev, Museum of Customs and traditions of old Astrakhan.

Books play a great role in our life. Reading makes a man clever and wise. Many people have good libraries at home. Besides there are many libraries of all kinds in our town. Children’s library, Library named after Krupskaya are among them.

Recreation is not a big affair in our town. It includes concerts, theatre, swimming in summer, fishing all year round, hunting in spring, autumn, and winter: different sport competitions are popular among our people. As for the theatres we can’t but mention Drama Theatre, Theatre of Young Spectator, Summer Touring Theatre, Musical Comedy Theatre, Puppet Theatre, Tatar National Theatre, Theatre-Studio “White Town”. Speaking about our Drama Theatre we have to stress that it is the oldest one where a lot of famous actors and actresses, including Shalyapin, Barsova, Maxakova, Milashkina and others, performed. Its building itself is very beautiful.

We are proud of our cinema “October” with its hall of exotic trees.

As the climate in our Region is continental and summer are extremely hot people like to bathe in the sun on our sand beach on both banks of the Volga. Very often we go to the Swan Lake and feed swans sailing there.

I’m fond of my town though it is not so rich and clean as some other towns and cities, but it is my native town, and I don’t want to change it to lose my friends.

Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words.

establishment учреждение

significant значительный

custom обычай

hunting охота

competition соревнование

stress подчеркивать

be proud гордиться

SwanLake Лебединое озеро

feed кормить

sail плавать

rich богатый

change менять

Exercise 3. Choose the right variant and put it instead of drops:

1. Astrakhan is … town.

(modern, ancient, new)

2. The pride of Astrakhan is … .

(the Locomotive Repair Plant, the Concert Hall, the Picture Theatre “October”, the Kremlin).

3. Astrakhan is … centre.

(agricultural, industrial, cultural).

4. There are many industrial enterprises in Astrakhan. The biggest of them are the following:

(the Fish Cannery Refrigeration Combine, the Glass Fibre Plant, the Plant “ Polimermash“, the Airplane Building Plant, the Cellulose Cardboard Combine, the Ship Building Yard and many others).

5. There are four theatres in Astrakhan

(the Drama Theatre, the Bolshoi Theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Young Spectator Theatre, Tatar national theatre).

Exercise 4. You are a guide. Tell the tourists who are making a tour, what sight seeings are there in Astrakhan.

DISCUSSION

Discuss the topic “My Native Town (City)” with your partner using such words as

native(s), citizen, inhabitant, city council, settlement, a fast-growing town, an advantage of living, to be situated (located), to stretch, to be surrounded by, an ancient city, a relatively young town, a monument to, to be connected to, to be divided into…districts, to be noted for, places of interest, a convenient geographical position, a Hero City, to be named after, to be proud of, to grow up around…, to dominate, to be the center of, to have one`s own infrastructure, sister city, ect.

Exercise 5. Retell the text.

GRAMMAR

Основные типы вопросов в английском языке