5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:

	Function of components
Form of material	Structural support only	Space diving only	Both structural support and space diving
Blocks
Sheets
Rods

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

.Some Building professions

A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill to be considered a skilled worker at his trade, is called tradesman or craftsman.

He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, slater-and-tiler, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-and-wall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, hot water fitter and so on.

Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Great Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles, and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer's specialities.

Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard.. He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term "carpenter" includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word "charpente" which means a wood or metal framework.

Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench of wood which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter's, much of it being highly finished and done in a joiner shop which is not exposed to weather.

In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner.

Mason is a stone worker or stone setter. In Scotland and the USA a bricklayer is usually also a mason. A fixer or fixer-mason or a builder mason is a mason which sets prepared stones in walls, weather the stone be one facing or to the full wall thickness.

Plasterer is a tradesman who may be a fibrous plasterer or a plasterer in solid work. The latter lays successive coats of plaster or rendering and fixes fibroplaster such as mould cornices and wall pattern. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster, and apply stucco. A civil engineer constructs and reconstructs residential and industrial buildings, bridges, schools, museums, theatres, power stations, kindergartens, dams, reservoirs and irrigation systems. Civil engineers and architects must have some knowledge of sculpture, painting, design, mechanical engineering, geography, city planning, etc. Civil engineers and architects have the main aim - to provide people with all modern conveniences, such as running water, gas, electricity, central heating and so on.

Besides, they must create attractive structures. It is the duty of an engineer to design the project which will most nearly satisfy the needs of the occupants at the lowest practical cost. Civil engineer must not only help to fulfil construction programs but to carry out scientific and research work to improve building materials and methods.

Exercise 2.A few explanation to the text.

1…to be considered a skilled worker at his trade – может считаться искусным в своем ремесле

2…slater-and-tiler – кровельщик (мастер по укладке черепицы)

3…hot water fitter – теплотехник

4…which is not exposed to weather – который не подвержен погоде

5. He can use a horsed mould, erect lathing for plaster and apply stucco – Он может использовать опалубку для бетона, крепить сетку под штукатурку и применять отделочный гипс.

Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

apprentice ученик, подмастерье

bid предложение цены, претензия

carpenter плотник

chimney труба, дымоход

cornice карниз

drain дренажная труба,

expose выставлять (напоказ, на продажу),

подвергать (опасности)

granolithic сделанный из искусственного гранита

joiner столяр

lathing сетка (под штукатурку)

mould форма, лекало, v формовать, делать по

шаблону

plumber водопроводчик, паяльщик

render воздавать, представлять, превращать

request просьба, требование, спрос

iron sheet лист; листовое железо

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following international words without a dictionary

idea profession

energy reclamation

author intervention

culture bilateral

original ceramic

adaptation zoological

massif function

nature detail

Exercise 5.Give equivalents English phrases to the following Russian ones

Мастер по укладке черепицы

Считаться искусным в своем ремесле

быть подверженным влиянию погоды

многослойная штукатурка

столярная мастерская

верхолаз

каменщик

Exercise 6. Add the missing information from the text

1…is called tradesman or craftsman

2.A fixer or a fixer mason or a builder mason is a mason who…

3.In the USA the term…

4.In some districts…, and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors.

5…, including the insides of manholes.

Exercise 7. Arrange the given words in pairs of

a)synonyms

build, wood, job, assistance, requirement, manufacture, apartment, usual, supply, different, timber, construct, entirely, produce, work, factory, various, up-to-date, provide, ordinary, help, flat, plant, modern, demand, completely

b)antonyms

dismantle, useless, bottom, unusual, increase, speed up, adverse, heavy, use full, slow down, usual, light, assemble, reduce, upper floor, favourable

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

1. Who is called tradesman or craftsman?

2. Which building professions do you know?

3. What is function of a bricklayer?

4. Whose trades were originally the same?

5. What kind of work does a plasterer perform?

6. What kind of work does a civil engineer fulfil?

7. What is the main aim of a civil engineer?

8. Must a civil engineer carry out scientific and research work? Why?

Exercise 9. Retell this text.

Exercise10.Read and translate the text (control reading of the text). Find a suitable title for it. Translate Russian words into English

Man's earliest structures (защищать) him from the weather, from (дикие животные) or from the attacks of other men. Since that time (искусство строительства) has changed greatly, but its main object has remained protection. Now we are living in the age of machinery, (научные достижения), of the discovery of new sources of power and (новые материалы). The three main materials are concrete, together with ferroconcrete (or reinforced concrete), steel and new kind of (стекло).

Modern (архитектура) is mainly the architecture of steel and concrete. The outer wall and the (крыша) have lost their old importance. They are no longer structural. In the (современный) building it is the floor and its supports that are structural. The use of steel framework has made it possible to construct tall (здание).

The walls which no longer have to support the structure, can be of any kind of material. It is possible (строить) a factory in which the (стены) are made of any shape we like. The roofs may be (плоский). Changes in the interior of buildings have also been made. Electric light, (центральное отопление), air-conditioning, refrigeration and all kinds of labor-saving devices have been installed. We have all these things for some time. And our modern homes have become much more comfortable than the (дом) of the past.

Exercise 2.Answer the following questions:

1. What is the main object in the art of building?

2. In what age are we living?

3. What are three main materials used in constructions now?

4. What form can the roofs have now?

5. What changes have been made in the interior of houses.

Exercise 3.Make up sentences with the words and expressions:

protection, scientific achievements, comfortable, discovery, to be permitted.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

(PASSIVEVOICE )

Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причас­тия II(Participle II) смыслового глагола:

Present Indefinite: The letter is written

Past Indefinite: The letter was written.

Future Indefinite: The letter will be written.

Present Continuous The letter is being written.

Past Continuous: The letter was being written.

Future Continuous: The letter will be being written.

Present Perfect: The letter has been written.

Past Perfect: The letter had been written

Future Perfect: The letter will have been written.

Глагол-сказуемое в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее предложения является объектом действия со стороны другого лица или предмета.

Сравните: I bought a book. — Я купил книгу.

The book was bought (by me). — Книга была куплена (мной).

Глаголы в страдательном залоге на русский язык переводятся

1. глаголом быть + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога:

The letter was sent yesterday.Письмо было послано вчера.

2. глаголом с частицей -ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week.Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т. е. глаголом в действительном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries.На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

Pupils are taught at school by the teachers.Учеников учат в школе учителя.

Exercise 1. Translate into Russian. Determine the Tense and Voice of the verb:

1. He left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She studied many subjects. 5. He was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next term. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has already been written by them. 9. He studies at our school. 10. You are playing chess, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you work at this lab? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams by 3 o'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher.

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian using the Passive:

l. They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation is headed by the Prime Minister. 3. The child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work has been already finished. 9.I was told to wait for him. 10.Your letter will have been answered by Monday. 11. The experiment was being carried out from ten till twelve o'clock. 12.Children under sixteen will not be admitted here.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. I'm not reading these books today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. She was taken to the hospital today, and (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read). The pages (not cut). 8, Dictionaries may not (use) at the examination.

Exercise 4. Translate into English using the Passive Voice:

1. Эта книга была прочитана всеми. 2. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 3. Ее часто спрашивают? 4. На ваш вопрос ответят завтра. 5. Текст переводился вчера с двух до трех. 6. Работа только что завершена нами. 7. Эти книги уже будут опубликованы к концу года. 8. Наша контрольная работа сейчас проверяется? 9. О новой книге будут много говорить. 10. В нашем городе сейчас строится много новых зданий. 11. Он сказал мне, что текст будет переведен к 10 часам завтра. 12. Все картины, которые вы здесь видите, написаны одним и тем же художником. 13. Письмо будет отправлено завтра. 14. Работа будет закончена в срок. 15. За доктором послали? Сделайте это как можно скорее. У ребенка высокая температура. 16. Эта книга была написана до того, как автор стал знаменитым. 17. Сотни новых домов будут построены к концу этого года. 18. Эта история давно забыта всеми. 19. Мне предложили очень интересную работу. 20. Он серьезный человек. На него всегда можно положиться.

Exercise 5. Chose and read correct translation of English sentences.

1.They were asked to write the test

1) Они попросили написать контрольную работу.

2) Они спросили, писать ли им контрольную работу.

3) Их попросили написать контрольную работу.

2.You will be shown the lab

1) Вы покажите лабораторию.

2) Вы будете в указанной лаборатории.

3) Вам покажут лабораторию

3.She is told to decompose the substance

1) Она говорит, что вещество разлагают

2) Она говорит о разложении вещества

3) Ей велят разложить вещество

4.I was helped to start the reaction

1) Я помог начать реакцию

2) Мне помогли начать реакцию

3) С моей помощью реакция началась

Unit11

THE MOST IMPORTANT AND WIDELY USED BUILDING MATERIALS

Before-Reading

1. Discuss the following:

• What materials are used in building construction?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:

• physical properties of material

• a building

• a technology

• a construction

• a measure

• a proportion

• a component

• concrete

• cement

• a stone

3. Make up your own sentences with the words from Ex 2.

While-Reading

1. Read the text and find new words from the text.

2. Read and translate about Portland cement.

3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:

• concrete

• component measuring

• construction

• technology

• proportion

• building

4. Reading for general meaning. Read and answer the following questions to the text:

• What is a modern technology?

• What materials' forms are very important in all masonry structures?

• What factors must the civil engineer consider?

• What can you tell something about the most accurate method of measuring proportions?

• What kind of material is the most widely used for the purpose of binding together masonry units such as a stone and a brick?

• What material is also known to be the most important com­ponent of concrete?

• What kind of material may be considered an artificial conglomerate of crushed stone?

• What can you tell about an important class of cement?

• What is high aluming cement?

• What materials are mostly used in Russia?

• What can you tell about building technology in Russia?

Building materials are very important in the construction. But it is more important for any designer to select and adapt such building materials of construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical means. In this choice of materials for any work of constructions many factors must be considered by the civil engineer. These factors include availability, cost, physical properties of materials and others.

Practically, all buildings materials have their advantages and disadvantages. That's why some materials are used most widely in building construction for the purpose of binding together masonry units. Among them are lime, gypsum and cement. Last material forms very important elements in all masonry structures, such as stone, a brick. Since the time of its introduction a gradual improvement of Portland cement quality has led to the elaboration of rapid hardening Portland cement, or «high early strength». Portland cement like other materials can be modified to suit a particular application. Later developments include low heat and sulphate resisting cements. The scope for such purpose - made cements has led to the development of an increasing variety such as high alumina cement, blast-furnace slag. They may be also white and coloured cements. Alumina cement has an extremely high rate of strength increase. Portland blast-furnace cement has greater resistance to some forms of chemicals.

So, cement is the most important component of concrete. Concrete is even less uniform than many other materials. Concrete may be considered an artificial conglomerate of "crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar". A mortar is a mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water. It is very important to know everything about proportions. The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required quantities of each material. This may be done whether the proportions are based upon volumes or weights. This method is being extensively used in road construction and in many central mixing and in central proportioning plants. It is also widely used in large building constructions. Sometimes timber, steel and concrete are all vary over considerable ranges in the properties desired by the engineer. Even steel varies considerably in its microstructure.