3. Give a summary of the text in 100 words.

4. Prepare reports about building technology in Russia. A report should include 2000—3000 words.

5. Exercise 1.Read and translate the text

6. Modern Building Materials

7. Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.

8. Timber is provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials.

9. However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.

10. A brick is best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by molding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. In shape it is a rectangular solid.

11. There exists variety of bricks for different purposes; ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative pur­poses, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar.

12. The shape and convenient size of brick enables a man to grip it with an easy confidence and, because of this, brick building has been popular for many hundreds of years. The hand of the average man is large enough to take a brick and he is able to handle more than 500 bricks in an eight-hour working day.

13. It is necessary, therefore, for the "would be" bricklayer to practice handling a brick until he can control it with complete mastery and until he is able to place it into any desired position.

14. The brick may be securely handled by placing the hand over the surface of the upper part of a brick and by placing the thumb centrally down the face of the brick with the first joints of the fingers on the opposite face. It is better to protect the thumb and the fingers with leather pads, which also prevent the skin from rough bricks.

15. Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

16. Natural stone is used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.

17. Metals: Aluminum, principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brassis frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.

18. Steel finds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.

19. Plastics are artificial materials used in construction work for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good ad­vantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and they can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action.

20. A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.

21. Laminate is a strong material manufactured from much layers’ of paper or textile impregnated with thermosetting resins. This sand­wich is then pressed and subjected to heat. Laminate has been developed for both inside and outside use. It resists severe weather condi­tions for more than ten years without serious deformation. As a struc­tural material it is recommended for exterior work. Being used for surfacing, laminate gives the tough surface.

22. Foamed glass is a high-porosity heat insulating material, avail­able in block made of fine-ground glass and a frothing agent.

23. Foamed glass is widely used in prefabricated house building, to ensure heat insulation of exterior wall panels, and in industrial con-

24. Foamed glass has a high mechanical strength, is distinguished by moisture, vapour and gas impermeability. It is non-inflammable, offers resistance to frost, possesses a high sound adsorption, and it is easily sewn and nailed.

25. Structural foamed glass blocks designed to fill ceilings, and for making interior partitions in buildings and rooms, to ensure heat and sound insulation. For insulation mineral wool or cinder wool is often resorted to.

28. Exercise 2. A few explanations to the text.

29. 1. ...the first joints of the fingers –первыми фалангами пальцев

30. 2. …for a vast number of purposes. –Для многих целей

31. 3.... and they can be easier machined –и их легче обработать

33. Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words and expressions.

34. Consider — v рассматривать, обсуждать; обдумывать

35. cross-section- поперечное сечение, поперечный разрез, профиль

36. derive (from) — v получать; извлекать; происходить

37. froth — пена; v пениться

38. handle - v брать руками, держать в руках

39. impermeability — « непроницаемость; герметичность

40. kiln - п печь для обжига

41. mortar - п раствор

42. plywood - фанера

43. resist — rv сопротивляться

44. sawdust — п опилки

45. span — п промежуток времени, период времени

46. subject - v (to) подвергать; подчинять

47. tensile — adjрастяжимый

48. veneer — п шпон, фанера

50. Exercise 4.

51. 1.Point out the most important facts from this text.

52. 2.Make up dialogues with your friend about using building materials

54. Exercise 5. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary

55. industry, information, progress, brilliant, metal, fact,

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ С МОДАЛЬНЫМИ ГЛАГОЛАМИ

Грамматика: пассивный залог (продолжение)

Choose the correct modal verb;

Можно перевести / (must, may, can) be translated

Нельзя решить / (must not, cannot, may not) be solved

Нужно получить / (must, may, can) be obtained

Нельзя сделать / (must not, cannot) be done

Можно разложить / (must, can, cannot) be decomposed

Нужно применить / (must, can, cannot) be applied

Ex. 1. Choose and insert the correct forms:

a) (are carried on, is being earned on, has been carried on)

1. Such experiments ... every day. 2. The experiment ...and the results arevery good. 3. Don't enter the laboratory, a dangerous experiment....

b) (is added, has been added, is being added)

1. In this reaction this substance ... always.... 2. The liquid is bluish because a drop of ink.... 3. What are you doing? What substance... now?

c) (is raised, was being raised, has been raised)

1. Look, the reaction has become quicker because the temperature ... 2. Every time when the temperature ... the reaction becomes quicker. 3. He couldn't finish the experiment at that moment because the temperature ....

Ex. 2. Choose the correct modal verbs:

Должно быть обеспечено / (should, can) be provided

должна привести к... / (may, must) yield

нельзя получить / (may, can) not obtain

может быть получен / (may, must) be obtained

можно определить / (should, may) be determined

Ex. 3. Choose the correct forms:

1. The rate of the reaction was very slow because these two gases (are being mixed, had been mixed, have been mixed) before the temperature was raised. 2. You can't begin the experiment, the liquids (are being mixed, had been mixed, have been mixed), and this process will take some 20 minutes more. 3. Everything is ready. The two substances (are mixed, have been mixed, were mixed) just. You may begin your experiment. 4. If these two gases (are mixed, have been mixed, were being mixed) at high temperatures, a great amount of this chemical substance is produced. 5. The student had entered the laboratory before the experiment began. He felt some smell because two gases (have been mixed, were mixed, were being mixed) at that moment. 6. Listen! A very important question (was discussed, is being discussed, was being discussed)! 7. This question (was discussed, is being discussed, was being discussed) yesterday when I tame to the meeting. 8. Do you know when this question (was discussed, is being discussed, was being discussed)? - It (was discussed, is being discussed, was be­ing discussed) a month ago.

Ex. 4. Translate the following:

1. The discovery of this substance is much spoken about. 2. His lectures are always listened to with great attention. 3. This requirement will be much spoken about. 4. This problem was paid much attention to. 5. Why is she being looked at now? 6. He is always laughed at. 7. They are being waited for. 8. What is it made of? 9. The lecture will be followed by a concert.

Unit12

THE CHOICE OF MATERIAL

Before-Reading