2. Частью сказуемого:

а) составного глагольного (переводится неопределённой формой глагола):

You must (had to) improve your methods of work. Вы должны (должны были)улучшить методы работы.

This engineer is to design a new high- speed device. Этот инженер должен спроектировать новый скоростной механизм.

б) именной частью сказуемого после подлежащего, выраженного словами aim, purposeцель, dutyдолг, taskзадача, methodметод, wishжелание, planплан, functionназначение, функция, problemпроблема, задача и др., и глагола- связки to be, причём глагол- связка либо совсем не переводится на русский язык, либо переводится словами заключаться в том, что(бы); состоялось в том, что(бы):

Our aim is to fulfil our work in time. Наша цель- выполнить работу в срок. (Наша цель заключается в том, чтобы выполнить работу в срок)

Сравните:

They were to install the new equipment. Они должны были установить новое оборудование.

Our task was to install the new equipment in time. Наша задача заключалась в том, чтобы установить новое оборудование вовремя.

3. дополнением (переводится неопределённой формой глагола):

We hope to get new data in a week or two. Мы надеемся получить новые данные через неделю или две.

4. определением; инфинитив в функции определения всегда стоит после определяемого существительного и переводится: а) определительным придаточным предложением, сказуемое которого выражает долженствование, возможность или будущее время; б) неопределённой формой глагола; в) существительным:

The metal to be used in our experiment is to be hard. Метал, который будет использован (нужно, можно использовать) в нашем опыте, должен быть твёрдым.

The idea to use this new substance didn’t leave us. Мысль об использовании (о том, чтобы использовать…) этого нового вещества не покидала нас.

Инфинитив после слов the first ( the second, the third, etc.),the last тоже является определением и переводится на русский язык глаголом того времени в котором стоит глагол to be:

S. Kovalevskaya was the first among women to become a professor. С Ковалёвская первая среди женщин стала профессором.

The laboratory assistant is the last to leave the laboratory. Лаборант уходит из лаборатории последним.

5. обстоятельство цели; стоит в начале предложения перед подлежащим или в конце предложения. Иногда вводится союзом in order toдля того чтобы. Переводится на русский язык неопределённой формой глагола с союзом чтобы, для того, чтобы или существительным с предлогом для:

To reinforce the metal engineers use artificial fibres. Чтобы усилить метал (для усиления…), инженеры используют искусственные волокна.

A number of devices were developed in order to detect cosmic rays. Было разработано несколько приборов для обнаружения(чтобы обнаружить…) космических лучей.

Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства следствия (со словами too, enough перед инфинитивом) часто при переводе имеет модальный оттенок:

This metal is too brittle to be used in our case. Этот метал слишком хрупок, чтобы его можно было использовать в нашем случае.

Итак , инфинитив переводится на русский язык:

• неопределённой формой глагола,

• существительным,

• придаточным предложением.

Предложный инфинитивный оборот for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив с to выполняет роль любого члена предложения- дополнения, обстоятельства, части сказуемого и т.д. и переводится придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы, для того чтобы, подлежащим которого становится существительное или местоимение, стоящее перед инфинитивом, а сказуемым- инфинитив:

Everybody waited for the new data of the experiment to be published. Все ожидали, что новые данные эксперимента будут опубликованы.

Кроме перечисленных функций, инфинитив может входить в состав сложного дополнения (объектный инфинитивный оборот) и сложного подлежащего (субъектный инфинитивный оборот).

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.

1. They were happy to take part in our expedition.

2. She wanted to be answered at once.

3. He was happy to be working with the famous scientist.

4. It's very difficult to drive a car in a big city.

5. Water may be used to drive dynamos which generate electricity.

6. Sputniks do not need any additional energy to move along their orbit.

7. Newton made use of the three laws of motion to explain the movement of the Moon around the Earth and of the planets around the Sun.

8. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.

9. The workers will use powerful machinery to assemble these huge units.

10. In this area there are no monuments to speak of.

11. Dalton's atomic theory was the first to make successful use of the M Greek theory of atoms in chemistry.

12. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in tin-country.

13. The new branches of industry to be developed in this part of (lie country are metallurgy and radio engineering.

14. Another reason to consider is the absence of necessary facilities for the experiment.

Exercise2. Read and translate the following sentences. State the function of the Infinitive.

1. The problem to be discussed is connected with the city water supply system.

2. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere.

3. А new comfortable coach was developed to transport people over long distances.

4. He was saving money to travel about the country.

5. It did not take much time to pave the road.

6. The internal combustion engine to be used in this lorry is of a new design.

7. The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavy vehicles.

8. Goods to be transported to the north are stored at the railway station.

9. He was too tired to be asked any questions.

10. England looks like one well ordered park. Englishmen like to preserve various old trees. There are some trees which were even too old to be cut for building ships in the seventeenth century.

11. A high speed electronic machine has introduced great changes in carrying out various mathematical calculations. This electronic machine works according to a program to be prepared in advance and can carry out several thousand arithmetic operations per second.

Exercise3. Use the required form of the infinitive

1. He seems (to read ) a lot.

2. He seems (to read) now.

3. He seems (to read ) all the books in the library.

4. He seems (to read) a lot all his life.

5. She was glad (to help) her friends.

6. She was glad (to help) by her friends.

7. She is always glad (to help) her friends.

8. Can your cell (to use ) in another city?

9. We may not (to use) dictionaries at the exams.

10. This question is too complicated (to answer) at once.

11. Can you (to answer) the question?

Exercise4. State the functions of the infinitive in the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. The high ceiling is lowered somewhat near the decider wall to make the space a little more intimate.

2. The living room is intentionally designed away from the kitchen and family room to guarantee some adult space.

3. The challenge of working with a narrow lot is to save as many trees as possible and still have portions where the sun shines in.

4. Include penalties when writing a contract for any failure to meet start-up and competition dates.

5. Naturally, you will need to do some research on architectural styles to get additional information.

6. You should work at your English as much as possible.

7. Get to know your competitors over time.

8. To create a quiet port basin and provide safe accommodation for the ships the harbour should be protected from the wind and wave actions by special engineering works if sheltering has not been provided by nature.

9. То avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion.

10. Place a fan in the attic to blow the warm air out and cause the cooler breeze flow through the open windows.

11. The house ought to be cleaned as often as possible.

12. Air motion is necessary to change the air in the room.

13. To carry out the work of levelling the site one must employ the earth-moving machinery.

14. They try to adapt their policies and tactics to meet the new conditions.

15. The type of policy to be followed will be widely discussed in mass media.

Exercise5. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs

With PERFECT INFINITIVE.

1. The idea of such building materials might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks.

2. It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Roman Empire, so much of the great knowledge should have disappeared so completely.

3. This piece of wood should have been cut and shaped by the machinists.

4. To my mind, we should have done everything to prevent them from becoming our enemy.

5. Their decision might have been caused by circumstances.

Exercise6. Point out the purpose of the objects according to the model.

EXAMPLE: A: This paper describes important properties of new

engineering materials.

B: The purpose (aim, goal, object) of this paper is to

describe properties of new materials.

1.This experiment establishes the relations between these two quantities.

2.The article deals with the prospects for electric road cars.

3.This book gives the description of the electrical instruments in the car.

4.His report presents some information on the new fuel system.

5.The speedometer is used to indicate the speed of a car.

6.The filter is used to clean petrol.

Exercise7. Define the functions of these objects: a petrol tank, a robot, the Internet, a carburetor, a battery, a vehicle, a laser, a ruler, a tachometer.

EXAMPLE: The function (purpose) of a speedometer is to indicate the speed

of a car.

Exercise8. The two sentences have a different structure but the same meaning. Change the structure of the sentences so as to keep their meanings unchanged.

EXAMPLE:A: The substance that should be analyzed is of great value.

B:The substance to be analyzed is of great value.

1. The equipment that should be installed in the workshop has specific use.

2. The petrol that should be delivered from the petrol tank should be clean.

3. The new battery that should be used in the car is very effective.

4. The new car devices that should be developed have several advantages.

5. The car emissions that should be controlled are very harmful to the environment.

6. The automobile that should be developed will run on hydrogen.

Exercise9. Restore the original sentences.

1. the carburetor, the function of, petrol, is, to break up, fine particles, into

2. the instruments, to be located, with important information, the instrument panel, provide, the driver, on

3. the petrol, should be, clean, to be delivered, to the carburetor

4. the hydrometer, is, the condition of the battery, the function of, to check

5. to be performed, very important, the functions, are, by this device

6. is, the new fuel system, in this car, completely, of a new design, to be employed

Exercise10. Correct mistakes.

1. The aim of an instrument panel is provide the driver with certain information.

2. When the driver notices some fault it essential to repair it at once.

3. The function of the tachometer to indicate the engine speed in revolutions per minute-

4. The speed limit to was adopted in populated areas is 30 mph. 5.1 have a battery to recharging.

6. Drivers must don't speed, especially when they see speed limit signs.

7. The properties to studied may be of great value.

8. You must go to the service station in order repair the brakes.

Exercise11. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.

1. Моя задача заключается в том, чтобы найти неисправность в этом приборе.

2. Функция этого прибора - измерять давление в системе.

3. Статья дает следующую информацию: назначение карбюратора - дозировать количество бензина, который должен смешиваться с воздухом.

4. Новая топливная система, которую нам нужно разработать, будет иметь ряд преимуществ.

5. Важно помнить, что карбюратор может быстро засориться, если в бензине есть частицы мусора.

6. Известно, что функция фильтра - очищать бензин от сора и пыли.

7. Если в бензобаке мало топлива, на панели загорится предупреждающая лампочка.

8. Вот термостат, который нужно заменить.

9. Функциями термостата являются обеспечение быстрого нагрева двигателя и предотвращение его остывания в рабочем режиме.

Exercise12. Make sentences using the words and word combinations from columns. Translate them into Russian.

He was not the man to buy.

There was nothing to raise his hand.

The river is dangerous to rely on.

He was the last to lose.

Who was the first to pay for the purchase.

These are the shoes to speak of.

Here is the money to bathe in.

There is no time to arrive.

Exercise13. Translate into English using Infinitive Constructions.

Образец: Мне было трудно понять это.-It was difficult for me to understand it.

1. Майку было трудно просить у Тома работу. 2. Томпсону было легко выиграть соревнование. 3. Джемме было легко поверить, что Артур предатель. 4. Мне было неприятно смотреть на него. 5. Для нас было очень важно обсудить этот план.

Unit14

PROPERTIESOFMATERIALS

Before-Reading