- •Оглавление
- •1. Общий вопрос (General question).
- •2.Специальный вопрос (Special question).
- •3.Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question).
- •4. Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question).
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Read the text again and translate the first paragraph:
- •3. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799)
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Reading for general understanding. Skim read the Wet. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •Read and translate the third paragraph from the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •III. Answer the questions.
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it.
- •Read the text again and translate it.
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •Find all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Exercise 2. A few explanations to the text.
- •Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words and expressions.
- •Exercise 4.
- •Exercise 5. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Beading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.
- •Read and translate about reinforced concrete.
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text once more. Recognize all the sentences, relating to a particular paragraph.
- •6. Reading for general meaning. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •3. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •8. Match the parts of the following sentences:
- •Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •3. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •Make up a plan to the text.
- •Imagine you are a future skilled engineer. Say some words about properties of materials. Your talk should include 15—20 phrases.
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •4. Write all the complex sentences from the text and translate them.
- •Reinforced-concrete elements production Before-Reading
- •5. Read the text again and choose a right word:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false, Correct the false statements:
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:
- •2. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Choose suitable Russian words to English terms. Explain their meaning
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16.Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18.Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (theparticiple)
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •7.Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue "Service engineers " for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences
- •Список литературы
1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
a production, a brick, a process, an ingredient, a development, i centimeter, an inch, a meter, a tree, a demand, a solution, i problem.
Write down all the numerals from the text in letters.
Put "was" or "were" in.
The production of brick industrialized in the 19th century.
These mass-produced by a mechanical extrusion process in which clay squeezed by "pressed" through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter.
• There also a proliferation of elaborately shaped and stamped masonry units.
• Periodically fired beehive kilns continued used, but the continuous-tunnel kiln, through which bricks moved slowly on a conveyor belt, had appeared by the end of the century.
Timber technology underwent rapid development in the 19th century in North America.
There large forests of softwood fir and pine trees that could be harvested and processed by industrial methods.
There a great demand for small buildings of all types as the North American continent settled, and the light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, and inexpensive solution to this problem.
In the balloon frame system, traditional heavy timbers and complex joinery abandoned.
The building walls framed with 5x 10-centimetre.
Lateral stability achieved by light diagonal braces let into the studs or, more commonly, by two-centimeter thick diagonal boards applied to all exterior walls and to floor and roof lists creating a rigid, light box.
4. Write all the complex sentences from the text and translate them.
Get talking
Work in pairs. Discuss "Manufactured building materials". Your talk should last for about a minute and include between 10—20 phrases.
СУБЪЕКТНЫЙИНФИНИТИВНЫЙОБОРОТ
(THESUBJECTIVEINFITIVECONSTRUCTION)
Неопределенно-личным предложениям русского языка чаще всего в английском языке соответствуют пассивные обороты, как например:
It is said that... Говорят, что ...
It is reported that... Сообщается, что ...
It was supposed that... Предполагали, что ...
Сложноподчиненное предложение с главным предложением, выраженным неопределенно-личным оборотом типа it is said(говорят), it is known(известно), it seems(кажется), it is likely(вероятно), имеет свой эквивалент — простое предложение, в которое входит особая конструкция «Субъектный инфинитивный оборот». Эта конструкция, выраженная существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в именительном падеже с инфинитивом, переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением:
1 – 2 – 3
It is said that they live in St. Petersburg.
Говорят, что они живут и Санкт-Петербурге.
2 – 1 – 3
They are said to live in St. Petersburg.
Сказуемое английского предложения (are said) при переводе на русский язык преобразуется в сказуемое главного предложения, представляющее собой неопределенно-личный оборот (говорят), подлежащее (they) становится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а инфинитив (to live) - его сказуемым. Придаточное предложение в русском переводе вводится союзом что. «Субъектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется с глаголами, обозначающими утверждение, знание, физическое восприятие, просьбу, приказание, которые могут стоять в любом времени в страдательном залоге, а именно с глаголами:
To say сказать
To know знать
To think считать, полагать, думать
To report сообщать
to suppose предполагать
to expect ожидать
to consider считать, полагать
to assume допускать
to believe полагать
to see видеть
to hear слышать
She is said to know several foreign Говорят, что она знает
languages. Несколько Иностранных языков.
They were reported to have arrivedСообщили, что они приехали в
In Moscow. Москву.
He is known to have a large Известно, что у него большая
collection of pictures. Коллекция картин.
«Субъектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется также в сочетании с некоторыми непереходными глаголами, которые могут стоять в действительном залоге, а именно с глаголами:
to seem - казаться
to appear - казаться
to prove - оказаться
to turn out - оказаться
to happen - случаться
This young lecturer appears Кажется (по-видимому), этот молодой
to know his subject well. лектор хорошо знает свой предмет.
I happened to be there Случилось так, что я был там
At that time. в это время.
Для выражения залоговых и видовых значений в «Субъектном инфинитивном обороте» используются различные видовые и залоговые формы инфинитива:
Indefinite Infinitive выражает действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным сказуемым предложения:
Не is said to work hard at his Говорят, что он упорно работа-
English, ет над английским.
Continuous Infinitive выражает действие как процесс, протекающий одновременно с действием, выраженным сказуемым предложения:
The weather seems to be improving. Кажется, (что) погода улучшается.
Perfect infinitive выражает действие, совершенное ранее действия, выраженного сказуемым, и переводится на русский язык формой глагола в прошедшем времени:
This house is said to have been builtГоворят, что этот дом был пoстроен
Two hundred years ago. около двухсот лет тому назад.
Exercise1. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Complex Subject.
1. The lecture was said to be very interesting.
2. The members of the committee are reported to come to an agreement.
3. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month.
4. She seems to know English and French.
5. He proved to be a good teacher.
6. This school is considered to be the best in the town.
7. The weather appears to be improving.
8. The doctor happened to be there at the time of the accident.
9. She seems to be waiting for you.
10. Lake Baikal is said to be the deepest in the world.
11. This picture proved to be the best at the exhibition.
12. These two scientists happened to work on the same problem.
Exercise2. Finish the following sentences using Indefinite or Perfect Infinitive ( in Active or Passive voice ):
1. The speed of the car is known to
2. Mars is expected to ... .
3. The diesel engine is known to ... .
4. The results are supposed to ... .
5. The atmosphere of Saturn is assumed to ... .
6. The radio was thought to ... .
7. The calculations were considered to ... .
8. The new system was believed to ... .
9. The scientist is always supposed to ... .
10. The match is reported to ... .
11. The road is expected to ... .
12. The design is said to ... .
Exercise3. Translate the sentences into Russian:
1. A lot of people came to watch the ocean liner return home after a long voyage.
2. Everybody thought him to be quite a reliable person.
3. The captain declared the load to be too much for his small boat
4. He seems to know a great deal about the history of navigation.
5. The boat, though very small, proved to be quite reliable.
6. The 20th century is considered to be the century of space travels.
7. The motor proved to be quite efficient.
8. Atomic ice-breakers are known to operate on a negligible quantity of atomic fuel.
9. The results of the test were found to be very interesting.
10. I know them to be working on the problem of protecting the cosmonauts from the effect of sun radiation.
11. Rubber is known to have been brought from America.
12. Ink is supposed to have been invented in Egypt.
13. We expected him to be appointed director of a new automobile plant.
14. This question appears to be of great importance.
15. The plan proved to be a great success.
16. The travellers found the people of the small island (to be) very friendly.
17. They reported the capacity of the new engine to have been increased.
18. The owner of the motor car wanted the old engine to be replaced.
Exercise4.Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
1. Сообщается, что ученые скоро разработают новый источник энергии.
2. Предполагается, что потребление энергии будет увеличиваться.
3. Говорят, что вода в солнечных домах будет нагреваться естественным образом.
4. Наверное, солнечная энергия в будущем заменит даже топливо для машин.
5. Считается, что альтернативные источники энергии экологически чистые и неистощимые.
6. Оказалось, что некоторые материалы на свету производят электрический ток.
7. Похоже, ваш проект имеет ряд преимуществ.
Exercise5. Translate into English using Complex Subject.
Он кажется, сейчас работает в своем кабинете.
Он, по-видимому, не согласен с нами.
Казалось, что он прав.
Статья оказалась очень интересной.
Вряд ли он придет так рано.
Известно, что он написал много статей.
Они непременно придут.
Unit16
CONCRETE
1. Read the words and guess their meaning.
Monolithic, to form, gravel, crystal, process, characteristic, proportion, economical, class, adequate, dam, arch, gas, product, to produce, position, type, column, foundation, universal, system, to granulate, aviation, decade, cylindrical.
2. Find Russian equivalents. огнестойкий
долговечный / важный g важный
искусственный •
строительный
прочный /о тяжёлый
// подходящий, соответствущий, годный •^изготовленный заранее, сборный О легкий
important
strong
hard
durable
fire-resistant
wet
structural
artificial
light
heavy
suitable
prefabricated
acid-proof