- •Оглавление
- •1. Общий вопрос (General question).
- •2.Специальный вопрос (Special question).
- •3.Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question).
- •4. Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question).
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Read the text again and translate the first paragraph:
- •3. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799)
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Reading for general understanding. Skim read the Wet. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •Read and translate the third paragraph from the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •III. Answer the questions.
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it.
- •Read the text again and translate it.
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •Find all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Exercise 2. A few explanations to the text.
- •Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words and expressions.
- •Exercise 4.
- •Exercise 5. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Beading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.
- •Read and translate about reinforced concrete.
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text once more. Recognize all the sentences, relating to a particular paragraph.
- •6. Reading for general meaning. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •3. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •8. Match the parts of the following sentences:
- •Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •3. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •Make up a plan to the text.
- •Imagine you are a future skilled engineer. Say some words about properties of materials. Your talk should include 15—20 phrases.
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •4. Write all the complex sentences from the text and translate them.
- •Reinforced-concrete elements production Before-Reading
- •5. Read the text again and choose a right word:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false, Correct the false statements:
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:
- •2. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Choose suitable Russian words to English terms. Explain their meaning
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16.Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18.Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (theparticiple)
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •7.Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue "Service engineers " for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences
- •Список литературы
3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
concrete
sand
reinforced concrete
pretension concrete
dry mix
window frames
polythene tubes
vibrated bars
steel wires
gaps
standardized concrete units
4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
5. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:
How many methods of concrete do you know?
Can you tell anything about the first method of a concrete?
How is the second method called?
Can you tell anything about the second method of a concrete?
What can a builder do to save time?
How is the concrete made?
Can the concrete consist of stones, sand', cement and water?
What is concrete?
What is "reinforced concrete"?
What method of concrete is used in Russia?
What method of concrete is better?
6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
To make the concrete resistant to bending, engineers reinforce it.
Concrete is not made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement, and water in rotating drams.
Concrete can not be pressed in two ways.
With such material an infinite variety of constructional shapes can be produced, including "shells" and roofs.
The building then forms a monolith
Last one is a large artificial stone composed entirely of concrete that has been shaped within wooden molds that fit together perfectly.
In constructing a building, it is possible to cast the floors and walls as well as the framework directly on the spot where they are to stand.
They are removed as soon as the concrete has set.
For this reinforced concrete is used in thin sheets.
• Nowadays a building's framework is made of reinforced concrete and of structural steel.
7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
... are as likely to be of reinforced concrete as Of structural steel.
...is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement, and water in rotating drums.
The mixture is tipped or piped...
The coarse stones used in covers the surface of all so uds and binds the entire mixture .
...it is mixed with the necessary minimum of...
Hence is named...
...pretension concrete.
Before beginning another work, ...
It is used less water...
By pressing it in reverse, ...
4. Write the following words in correct order to make sentences and translate them:
Between, the, needed, to, is, gaps, sand, the, fill, required, shape.
Can, two, in, concrete, pressed, be, ways.
Method, called, the, is, ot5her, post-tensioning.
Concrete, by, stones, is, mixing, cement, drams, made, together, small, in sand, rotating, water.
The, story, given, concrete, be, of, plenty, each, of, to, time, before, on, harden, the, can, work, next, begin.
5. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative:
Concrete is made by mixing together small stones, sand, cement, and water in rotating drams.
Concrete can be pressed in two ways,
The other method is called post-tensioning.
The sand is needed to fill the gaps between the stones.
Less water is used in mixing the concrete.
It is used less water to make mixing concrete denser and stronger.
It is a difficulty here.
A builder has to use many forms.
They can be "shells" and roofs.
Concrete must be given plenty of time to harden.
End all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.
find all the sentences with the modal verbs. Copy them in your exercise-books.
Get talking
Make up a plan to the text.
Work in pairs. Discuss:
a monolith;
methods of pressing.
Your talk should last a minute. Your talk should include between 10—20 phrases.
Imagine: You are a future skilled engineer. Give your talk about one of the most important building material — concrete. It should last about 2 minutes.
Give a summary of the paragraph about making the concrete resistant to bending in 5 sentences.
ГЕРУНДИЙ (GERUND)
Герундий представляет собой неличную глагольную форму» выражающую название действия и обладающую как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. В русском языке соответствующая форма отсутствует. Функции Герундия во многом
сходны с функциями инфинитива, также сочетая свойства существительного со свойствами глагола. Герундий, однако, имеет больше свойств существительного, чем инфинитив.
Обладая свойствами существительного, герундий может служить в предложении:
1. Подлежащим:
Reading is her favourite occupation. Чтение —ее любимое занятие,
2. Именной частью составного сказуемого:
Her greatest pleasure is read- Ее самое большое удоволь- ing. ствие — это чтение.
3. Частью составного глагольного Сказуемого:
Не finished reading the book. Он кончил читать книгу.
4. Прямым дополнением:
I remember reading it. Я помню, что читал это.
5. Предложным косвенным дополнением:
I am fond of reading. Я люблю чтение (читать).
6. Определенней;
I had the pleasure of reading Я имел удовольствие прочесть
in the newspaper of your в газете о вашем успехе.
success.
7. Обстоятельством:
After reading the letter I put it После того как я прочел
Into the drawer. письмо (прочитав письмо),
я положил его в ящик стола.
Как и существительное, герундий может сочетаться с предлогами и определяться притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном падеже:
I think of going to the south Я думаю поехать на юг осенью.
in the autumn..
We insisted on their chartering Мы настаивали на том, чтобы
A vessel at once. они немедленно зафрахтовали судно.
We objected to the buyer's pay- Мы возражали против того,
ing only part of the invoice чтобы покупатель заплатил
amount. только часть суммы фактуры
Глагольные свойства герундия выражаются в следующем:
1. Герундий может иметь прямое дополнение:
I remember reading this book Я помню, что читал эту книгу
2. Герундий может определяться наречием:
Не likes reading aloud. Он любит читать вслух.
Герундий имеет формы времени и залога:
|
Active |
Passive |
Indefinite Perfect |
reading having read |
being read having been read |
Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастий, и их образование происходит по тем же правилам, по которым образуются формы причастий
В русском языке нет форм, соответствующих формам герундия, ввиду чего изолированно, вне предложения, они не могут быть переведены на русский язык.
Indefinite Gerund Active, однако, по своему значению приближается к русскому отглагольному существительному: readingчтение, smokingкурение, waitingожидание.
УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФУНКЦИЯХ
Наиболее часто герундий употребляется после предлогов. Поскольку предлоги могут управлять только существительными (или местоимениями), всякий глагол после предлога принимает форму герундия, т.е. форму глагола, наиболее близкую по своим свойствам к существительному. После предлогов герундий употребляется в функции предложного косвенного дополнения, определения, обстоятельства и именной части сказуемого.
Без предшествующего предлога герундий употребляется как часть составного глагольного сказуемого, а также в функции именной части сказуемого, подлежащего и прямого дополнения.
Употребление герундия после предлогов
В функции предложного косвенного дополнения герундий употребляется после многих глаголов, прилагательных и причастий, требующих определенных предлогов:
I am fond of reading. Я люблю читать.
When do you think of going Когда вы думаете поехать туда?
there?
The exporters succeeded in chartering Экспортерам удалось зафрахтовать
a steamer of the required size. Пароход требуемого размера.
We insisted on being Informed Мы настаивали на том, чтобы нам
by cable of the arrival of the ship. Сообщили по телеграфу о прибытии
судна.
К наиболее употребительным из этих глаголов, причастий и прилагательных относятся:
to be disappointed at быть разочарованным в
to be surprised at удивляться чему-л.
to be responsible for быть ответственным за
to prevent from препятствовать, мешать (сделать что-л.)
to consist in заключаться в
to persist in yпopно продолжать что-л.
To result in иметь результатом что-л., приводить к чему-л.
To spend In тратить (время) на что-л.
to succeed in удаваться
to be engaged In заниматься чём-л.
to be Interested in интересоваться чём-л.
to accuse of обвинять в, to approve (disapprove) of
одобрять (не одобрять) что-л.
to suspect of подозревать в
to hear of слышать о
to think of думать о
to be afraid of бояться чего-л.
to be capable (Incapable) of быть способным (неспособным) на
to be fond of любить что-л.
to be proud of гордиться чём-л.
to count on (upon)=to depend on (upon) рассчитывать на
to insist on настаивать на
to object to возражать против
to get used to привыкать к
После некоторых из перечисленных причастий и прилагательных наряду с герундием употребляется инфинитив:
I am proud of being a citizen of Russia = I am proud to be a citizen of Russia.
Я горжусь тем, что являюсь гражданином России.
В функции предложного косвенного дополнения герундий употребляется с предлогом Inв после различных существительных (на вопрос in what? в чем?):
Не felt satisfaction in helping them. Он чувствовал удовлетворение
в том, что помог им.
There is no harm in doing that. Нет ничего плохого в том, чтобы сделать это.
Did you find any difficulty in solving Встретили ли вы какие-нибудь
This problem? затруднения в разрешении этой проблемы?
There is no sense in going Нет смысла идти туда сегодня
thereto-day. (в том, чтобы идти туда сегодня).
Примечание. Употребление предлога In с герундием аналогично в этом случае употреблению in в таких предложениях, как Не felt satisfaction in his work, There is nonsense In his words. He was quite right in it
В функции определения герундий употребляется с различными предлогами, чаще всего с предлогом of:
There are different ways of solving this problem.
Имеются различные способы разрешения этой проблемы.
We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages.
Мы обсуждали различные методы преподавания иностранных языков.
Have you any reason for saying such a thing?
Есть ли у вас основание говорить такую вещь?
The charters have the right of loading the steamer at night time.
Фрахтователи имеют право грузить пароход в ночное время.
We have no intention of ordering such machines.
Мы не намерены заказывать такие машины.
К числу существительных, после которых часто употребляется герундий в функции определения, относятся:
astonishment (at) удивление
disappointment (at) разочарование
surprise (at) удивление
apology (for) извинение
plan (for) план
preparation (for) приготовление
reason (for) причина, основание
experience (in) опыт
interest (In) интерес
skill (in) мастерство
art (of) искусство
chance (of),
opportunity (of) удобный случай
fear (of) страх
habit (of) привычка
hope (of) надежда
idea (of) мысль, идея
Importance (of) важность
intention (of) намерение
means (of) средство
method (of) метод
necessity (of) необходимость
objection (to) возражение
pleasure (of) удовольствие
possibility (or) возможность
problem (of) проблема
process (of) процесс
right (of) право
way(of) способ
1. С предлогами forза, throughиз-за, owing toблагодаря, а для выражения причины:
из-за для выражения причины:
Excuse me for being so late. Извините, что я так опоздал
We are obliged to you for sending Мы благодарим вас зато, что
us the latest market reports. вы прислали нам последние обзоры рынка.
He caught cold through getting Он простудился из-за того,
His feet wet. что промочил ноги.
2. С предлогомbyсо значением путем, при помощи (на вопрос каким образом} чем?) для выражения образа действия:
Не improved his article by Он улучшил статью, изменив конец.
changing the end.
We were able to discharge the Мы смогли разгрузить судно в 24 часа
boat in 24 hours by using a используя мощный кран.
Powerful crane.
4. С предлогами besides кроме, instead of вместо, without без, apart from помимо для выражения сопутствующих обстоятельств:
Besides being clever, he is very industrious.
Кроме того, что он умен, он очень трудолюбив.
Instead of writing the letter himself, he asked his friend to do it.
Вместо того, чтобы написать письмо самому он попросил своего друга сделать это.
He left the room without waiting Он вышел из комнаты, не ожидая ответа.
for a reply.
С групповыми предлогами for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to с целью, для того чтобы, для выражения цели.
Exercise 1.Open the brackets using the gerund:
1. The grass in the garden is very dry, it needs (water). 2. It's very warm outside. You don't need (put on) your coat. 3. The house is old, and it wants (repair). 4. Famous people don't need (introduce) themselves. 5. The carpet is covered with dust, it needs (sweep). 6. The shoes are very dirty, they need (polish). 7. These shoes have a hole, they want (mend). 8. The table cloth is quite clean, it doesn't want (wash) yet. 9. The room needed (clean). 10 (learn) foreign languages is very useful 12.I know mу hair wants (cut) but I never have time to go to the hairdresser's 13. John needed (cheer up) when he heard that he'd failed his exams. 14. You should tidy up the garden. - Yes, it needs (tidy). The roses want (water), the peaches want (pick), the grass wants (cut).
Exercise 2.Choose the correct forms:
1. He insists on the problem (solving, being solved) at once. 2. There is no possibility of her (writing, being written) to your sister. 3. The teacher was surprised at the students (not knowing, not being known) this theorem. 4. He referred to your (doing, being done) the work in time. 5. Your brother is angry with their (taking, being taken) his books. 6. He relied on his paper (discussing, being discussed) tomorrow.
Exercise 3.Translate the following sentence paying attention to the ing-forms:
1. His work resulted in solving many problems. 2. The experiment resulted in finding new properties of this material. 3. The meeting resulted in coming to an agreement on this problem. 4. The discussion resulted in the test being made again. 5. His being ill resulted in our not having made the experiment 6.1. Newton's having formulated this law was of great importance. 7. His having solved this equation is quite natural. 8. Associating geometrical objects with real numbers is the basis of arithmetization of analytical geometry. 9. Using symbols in mathematics is customary. 10. Regarding the state of rest as a limiting condition of motion is including it under the general concept of motion
Exercise4. Correct mistakes in the following sentences.
1. I know everything of their researched artificial intelligence.
2. Scientists invented a new way investigating space.
3. The engineers object carrying out the experiment.
4. He will be quite capable to do all the calculations by himself.
5. The idea of use robots for performing difficult tasks is extremely old.
6. Do you mind of my testing the new robot?
7. Without analyse evidence you will result in making mistakes.
Exercise5. Restore the original sentences.
1. it is worth, devices, buying, high-quality
2. on completing the test, results, found, the researcher, interesting
3. is not, compiling, a complex task, a programme
4. carrying out the test, must, the operator, before, prepare, all necessary equipment
5. insisted on, the teacher, the lab work, our carrying out, immediately
6. analysing, we, interested, this phenomenon, were, in
Exercise6. Insert prepositions (at, of, without, instead of) if necessary.
1. People get tired ... doing the same work for a long time.
2. Science is worth ... developing.
3. Intelligent machines are clever ... performing various tasks.
4. What is the use ... creating playing robots?
5. You had better check the calculations ... doing another test.
6. Quick processing of information is impossible ... applying computers.
7. They suggest... using another actuator.
Exercise7. Translate the sentences into English using your active vocabulary.
1. Стоит ли покупать это оборудование? — Да, безусловно. Я даже настаиваю на его покупке.
2. Робот - это устройство, способное выполнять действия самостоятельно.
3. Если вас интересует выполнение подсчетов, вам лучше использовать персональный компьютер.
4. При анализе данных исследователи получили интересные результаты.
5. Составление программы - задача достаточно сложная.
6. Данный метод решения этой проблемы является наилучшим.
7. Это открытие привело к получению очень важных данных.
8. Вы не против, если я проведу этот эксперимент? -Безусловно, нет.
Exercise8. Find Gerunds or Gerundial constructions in the following sentences.
1. The teacher insists on our coming on time.
2. We don't know much of the Challenger having failed its mission.
3. The value of his having discovered natural lasers is not realized completely yet.
4. The idea of connecting these wires was not mine.
5. Using renewable resources can significantly reduce the amount of air pollution.
6. I don't mind your reading science magazines in the reading room.
7. We hear of the up-to-date equipment being bought for your lab.
8. He was sure of repairing the ignition system without anybody helping him.
9. Exploring other worlds by means of robots soon will become a reality.
10. Seeing is believing.
Exercise9. Choose the right option.
1. ... heavy units is not easy.
a. assembling b. assembled с. being assembled
2. The teacher does not know of the students ... the apparatus.
a. damaging b. being damaged c. having damaged
3. New possibilities for ... atomic energy open up.
a. applying b. having applied с. applied
4. The projects of ...waste-to-energy plants cause fierce opposition.
a. constructing b. having constructed с. being constructed
5. Instead of ... the old air-filter they replaced it with a new one.
a. having cleaned b. cleaned с. cleaning
6. You can improve your work efficiency by ... modern j technologies.
a. applying b. having applied c. applied
7. What device do taxi-driver use for ... passengers?
a. charged b. being charged с. charging
8. They are talking about the shuttle ... already.
a. launched b. being launched с. having been launched
9. He always operates the apparatus without... safety regulations.
a. observed b. observing с. having observed
10. They insist on the short circuit...
a. being avoided b. avoiding с. having avoided
Unit17
SANITARY ENGINEERING IN THE MODERN TOWN
Tasks before reading: