1. Общий вопрос (General question).

Общий вопрос относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или no:

Do you like ice-cream? – Yes, I do.

Can you speak English? – Yes, I can.

Are you a schoolboy? – No, I am not.

Have you bought a text book? – Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе.

1)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол,

2)подлежащее (существительное или местоимение),

3)смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

2.Специальный вопрос (Special question).

Специальный вопрос относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? – My name is Peter.

Where do you live? – I live in Rostov.

Специальный вопрос всегда начинается со специального вопросительного слова:

Who (кто) where (где)

Whom (кого) why (почему)

What (что) how long (как долго)

Which (который) how many (сколько)

Whose (чей) how much (сколько)

When (когда) how (как)

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе.

1. вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, и т. д.)

2. вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол.

3. подлежащее,

4. смысловой глагол,

5. дополнения,

6. обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т. д.)

В специальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему в формах Present и Past Simple, не употребляется вспомогательный глагол todo (did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

Who wants to go to the cinema?

Whose pen is it?

Who lives here?

3.Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question).

Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? – Вы любите кофе или чай?

Альтернативный вопрос начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса.

Have you been studing English for two hours or three hours?

4. Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question).

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное), вторая, отделенная запятой от первой, - краткий вопрос, который на русский переводится не правда ли? не так ли?

You are an engineer, aren`t you? –Вы инженер, не правда ли?

You aren`t an engineer, are you? – Вы не инженер, не так ли?

В кратком вопросе повторяется вспомогательный, модальный или связочный глагол предложения, содержащего заявление. Если сказуемое предложения выраженного глаголами to be или to have, то повторяются эти глаголы.

He is reading, isn`t he? Он читает не так ли? (Повторяется вспомогательный глагол.)

He can read, can`t he? Он умеет читать, не так ли? (Повторяется модальный глагол can.)

He is a good specialist, isn`t he? Он хороший специалист, не так ли? (Повторяется связочный глагол to be.)

He has a book, hasn`t he? У него есть книга, не так ли? (Повторяется глагол to have, употребляемый как смысловой глагол.)

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй – отрицание.

Если в повествовательной части – отрицание, то во второй части, как правило, - утверждение:

He is there, isn`t he? Он там, не так ли?

He isn`t there, is he? Он не там, не так ли?

GRAMMAR

The Degrees of Comparison.

Степени сравнения прилагательных.

Прилагательное в английском языке не имеет категорий рода, числа, падежа. Его единственными словоизменительными формами являются формы степеней сравнения (Degrees of Comparison). Степени сравнения образуются главным образом от качественных прилагательных.

Прилагательное имеет три степени сравнения: положительную (the Positive Degree), сравнительную (the Comparative Degree), превосходную(the Superlative Degree).

1. Если форма прилагательного в положительной степени состоит из одного слога, форма его сравнительной степени образуется при помощи суффикса – er, а форма превосходной степени при помощи суффикса – est, которые прибавляются к основе формы положительной степени.

Положительная Сравнительная Превосходная

степень степень степень

strong stronger (the) strongest

(сильный) (сильнее, (самый сильный.

более сильный) сильнейший)

long longer (the) longest

(длинный) (длиннее) (самый длинный)

2. Двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на гласный звук или словообразующий сонат:

happy happier (the) happiest

(счастливый) (счастливее) (самый

счастливый)

pretty prettier (the) pretties

(прелестный) (прелестный) (самый

прелестный)

narrow narrower (the) narrowest

(узкий) (уже, более (самый узкий)

узкий)

clever cleverer (the) cleverest

(умный) (умнее) (самый умный)

simple simpler (the) simplest

(простой) (проще) (самый простой)

более простой)

Двусложные прилагательные, несущие ударение на втором слоге:

complete completer (the) completest

(совершенный) (совершеннее, (самый совершенный)

Более совершенный)

polite politer (the) politest

(вежливый) (вежливее, (самый вежливый)

Более вежливый)

Но также: more polite, (the) most polite.

3. Все многосложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи moreиmost:

Hopeful more hopeful (the) most hopeful

Beautiful more beautiful the) most beautiful

(красивый) (красивее, (самый красивый)

более красивый)

4. От некоторых прилагательных формы степеней сравнения образуются особо, и эти прилагательные нужно сразу запоминать во всех формах

Особые случаи образования степеней

сравнения прилагательных

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
Good Хороший	Better Более хороший,	(the) best самый хороший
Bad плохой	Worse Более плохой	(the) worst самый плохой
Little маленький	Less Меньше, меньший	(the) least самый маленький
Much (many) много	More больше	(the) most больше всего, самый большой
Far дальний	Further farther дальше	(the) furthest (the) farthest Самыйдалекий

Прилагательное old имеет две формы степеней сравнения older – (the) oldest, elder – (theeldest).

Формы elder и eldest употребляются только в функции определения для обозначения старшего по возрасту в семье, а также старшего по рангу. Во всех остальных случаях употребляются формы older и (the) oldest.

My elder brother is four years older than Jam.

При образовании степеней сравнения соблюдаются следующие орфографические правила:

Big – bigger – (the) biggest

Red – redder – (the) reddest

2)конечное немое е опускается:

brave – braver – (the) bravest

nice – nicer – (the) nicest

3) конечная буква у, если ей предшествует согласная, переходит в i:

busy – busier – (the) busiest

easy – easier – (the) easiest

буква у не меняется, если ей предшествует гласная:

dry-drier-driest

Exercise 1. Compare these materials. Make sentences:

Example: 1. Paper is more combustible than glass.

1. paper/ glass – combustible

2. rubber/ steel – rigid

3. glass/ wood – brittle

4. steel/ gold – expensive

5. wood/ concrete – heavy

6. steel/ lead – hard

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences. Use the comparative of the words in brackets + than

Model: Her illness was more serious than we at first thought.(serious)

1. Sorry I am late. It took me … to get here … I expected. (long)

2. My toothache is … it was yesterday. (painful)

3. She looks about 20, but in fact she is much … she looks. (old)

4. The problem is not so complicated. It is … you think. (simple)

5. Your English has improved. You speak a lot … you did when we last met. (fluently)

6. Health and happiness are … money. (important)

7. We always go camping when we go on holiday. It is much … staying in a hotel. (cheap)

8. I like the countryside. It is … and … living in a town. (healthy\peasful)

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with a superlative and preposition.

Model: It is a very nice room. It is the nicest room in the hotel.

1. It is a very cheap restaurant. It is … the town.

2. It was a very happy day. It was … my life.

3. She is a very intelligent student. She … the school.

4. It is a very valuable painting. It … the gallery.

Exercise 4. Translate into English

1. Лучшие студенты нашего института поедут в Лондон в следующем году.

2. Кремль является самым красивым архитектурным сооружением в нашем городе.

3. Команда КВН нашего института является одной из самых известных.

4. Расстояние между Москвой и Санкт-Петербургом меньше, чем от Москвы до Астрахани.

5. Астрахань – один из красивейших городов России.

Unit3

1. Read and translate the text:

OUR COUNTRY RUSSIA

Our country Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It lies both in Europe and Asia. Its territory covers 17.075 million square km.

The population of Russia is 146.5 million, of which 83 per cent are Russians. There are 21.030 towns and cities in this country. Moscow is its capital. 8.879.000 people live in Moscow.

The country is bounded by many countries on the land and it is washed by three oceans. The largest seaports are Murmansk, St.Petersburg, Vladivostok and Novorossiysk.

The climate of our country greatly differs from one part to another. The western part of the country is warmer in summer then the eastern part. The climate on the Black Sea is subtropical. Some northern and southern parts are very cold or very hot. In general we can say that winters are cold, windy and snowy, and summers are hot and dry. Autumn brings rains and fogs. The coldest point of the northern hemisphere where temperatures are minus 70C is located in Siberia.

Some parts of the country are covered with mountains and hills. Large regions in the north, south and in the east are not very good for man and few people live there. It is difficult to develop agriculture in these regions, but many young strong and optimist minded people go there to build new towns, railways, plants and canals.

Russia has many rivers. Twenty-two of them are more then one thousand kilometers long. They flow into seas or oceans carrying ships and boats to large and small parts to develop new industrial centers. The most important river of the European system is the Volga which takes the first place in Europe for length and for size of its basing. The rivers of the European part of the country are joined by a network of excellent canals forming a deep-water shipping system that connects the White, Baltic, Caspian, Black and Azov Seas. Western Siberia has some of the greatest rivers in the world, including the Ob- Irtysh system and the Jenissei. There are about 250 thousands lakes in the country. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world (1.620).

Russia is very rich in natural resources such as oil, iron ore, gas, copper, lead, zinc, rare metals, phosphorities, diamonds and gold. Many branches of industry are developed in the country: ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, the automobile industry, the electronic and radio engineering industry, the gas industry, the medical industry, etc. The main branches of development in agriculture are cattle-breeding, poultry farming, gardening and vegetable growing.

The Russia Federation is a presidential republic. The president is the head of state and elected directly by the people.

The Federal Assembly represents the legislative branch of power. It is made up of two houses: the Federation Council and the Duma which makes laws. The Federal Government represents the executive branch of power. The Supreme Court represents the judicial branch of power.

Our scientists have already made a great deal of outstanding discoveries which have greatly influenced world science and helped mankind to achieve greater progress in understanding the world around us. One cannot help mentioning the launching of the great man-made Earth satellite and the first flight of man into outer space, the construction of the first atomic station and atomic ice-breaker, the development of lasers, etc. Today, lasers are used in electronics, medicine, communication, in the automobile industry, in agricultural and industrial machine buildings.

The laser measurement of distances has become a new method in the exploration of the Earth-Moon system. It will give us a better understanding of the laws governing the movements of the Earth and the Moon. Automatic manipulators, or robots, are very much spoken about these days. This is because more and more robots are used to make people work easier. The latest working robots can “see” and can “be talked to”. A lot of robots have been built in our country for industry, transport, medicine, agriculture. Progress in technology will continue and the time will come when most of the industrial operations being performed by robots.

The cultural development of each nation is based on its own cultural heritage and is enlarged through its contacts with cultural achievements of the other peoples. These are about 1300 museums in Russia, one of the world’s famous being the St. Petersburg Hermitage. It would be hard to find a town in Russia that does not have its own theatres. The Russian theatrical and musical arts have world fame. The whole world knows about the brilliant actors and ensembles, theatres and bands-the Bolshoi Theatre, the Mali Theatre, the Vahtangov Theatre, the Moiseyev Dance Ensemble, the Obraztsov puppet theatre, etc. A wide network of public libraries, clubs, houses and palaces of culture provides a high level of cultural development of the people. The centres help to broaden the cultural horizonts and to develop artistic abilities. Young people who show interest in amateur art go in for painting, dancing or singing. They attend drama, dance, ballet or singing groups at special clubs.

The development of physical culture and sport is made possible due to improving sports facilities which include a great number of first – class stadiums, sport fields, grounds, gyms, swimming-pools, skating – rinks, etc. Millions of people go in for track-and-field athletics, volley-ball, foot-ball, skiing, figure skating, etc. Practically none of the international competitions is conceivable without the participation of Russian sportsmen.

Today 66 kinds of sport are practiced in our country including tradition types of the national sports.

1. Find English equivalents to the Russian words:

покрывать development

население length

процент few

столица in general

граничить (иметь границы с) to provide

отличаться governing

в общем fame

мало conceivable

развивать to influence

строить to elect

впадать to build

длина achievement

размер to include

объединять network

сеть to perform

превосходный exploration

избирать deal

вклад discovery

выдающийся level

открытие movement

влиять to be bounded

человечество capital

достигать to cover

развитие heritage

исследование to enlarge

движение famous

управление population

измерение per cent

выполнять to differ

наследство size

увеличиваться to develop

достижение excellent

знаменитый mankind

слава outstanding

обеспечивать ability

уровень participation

способность to achieve

посещать, заниматься to attend

включать to join

мыслимый to flow

участие measurement

2. Define which field of mankind’s activity these words belong to:

national economy	natural resources	industry	agriculture	Power	science	culture	sport

agriculture, oil, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, cattle-breeding, state, launching, puppet theatre, facilities, iron, poultry farming, satellite, swimming-pool, railways, automobile, Federal Assambly, library, represent, cooper, legislative, ship, lead, electronic, executive, outer space, gyms, boat, zinc, radioengineering, rare metals, ice-breaker, skating-rinks, basing, Federation Council, deep-water shipping system, law, phosphorities, amateur art, Federal Government, diamonds, Supreme Court, gold, gardening and vegetable growing, track-and- field athletics, judicial, competition.

3. Answer the questions to the text:

1. Where is Russia situated? 2. How many people live in Russia? 3. How many towns and cities are there in Russia? 4. What oceans wash Russia? 5. Why is the western part warmer in summer then the eastern part? 6. What is weather like in autumn, spring, winter and summer in Russia? 7. Why do only a few people live on the suburbs of Russia? 8. What is the Volga River famous for? 9. What is the aim of forming a deep-water shipping system in the European part of Russia? 10. Is there any shipping system like European one in Asian part of Russia? 11. What natural resources is Russia rich in? 12. What represents the legislative branch of power? 13. The Federal Government represents the judicial branch of power, doesn’t it? 14. What represents the judicial branch of power? 15. What is the aim of science? 16. What great discoveries in science do you know? 17. What area of lazer’s using do you know? 18. Where can people use robots? 19. What provides a high level of cultural development of the people? 20. Why none of the international competitions are conceivable without the participation of Russian sportsmen?

4. Insert the missing words:

1. There are … in our country. 2. The largest seaports are … 3. Optimist minded people go to Siberia to … 4. Twenty-two rivers in Russia are … 5. Lake Baikal is … 6. Many branches of industry are developed in Russia … 7. The Russia Federation is … 8. The Federal Assambly is made up … 9. Outstanding discoveries helped … 10. The lazer measurement of distance … . 11. More and more robots are used to … 12. The cultural development of each nation … . 13. There are … in Russia. 14. The whole world knows about … 15. The development of physical culture and sport is … .

5. Using information from the text, the table from ex.2 compose a dialog for 8 students, discussing national economy, natural resources, industry, agriculture, power, science, culture, sport.

6. Divide the text about Russia into some logical parts give the title to each of them and speak about the main information about your motherland according your plan.

7. Listen to the text and answer the questions to the test “UK Political system”:

Key-words to the text:

chamber – палата

initiating – внесение предложений

directing – управление

local authority – местная власть

public corporation – общественное объединение

determine – определять

independent – независимость

derive – брать, заимствовать

support – поддерживать

appoint – назначать

constituency – избирательный округ

hereditary – наследственный

Test

“UK Political system”

1. What form of government is there in Great Britain?

1. parliamentary democracy

2. constitutional parliament

3. monarchy parliament

2. What are the organs of government in Britain?

1. public corporations and local authorities

2. Parliament, the judiciary, the executive

3. the supreme authority

3. What elements does the British Parliament consist of?

a. Prime Minister and the cabinet

b. national policy and government departments

c. the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the Queen

4. What is the legislature?

a. chambers

b. government

c. Parliament

5. What does the executive consist of?

1. Queen and her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition

2. Prime Minister, the Cabinet and ministers

3. The House of Commons and the House of Lords

6. Were does the Government derive its authority from?

1. House of Commons

2. Parliament

3. House of Lords

7. How often must a general election be held?

1. every year

2. every five months

3. every five years

8. Who becomes a leader of Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition?

1. leader and “Shadow Cabinet”

2. “Shadow Cabinet”

3. “Shadow Cabinet” and ministers

9. What is the peculiarity of the British Constitution?

1. constitution

2. general election

3. customs, traditions

8. Compose a dialog about the differences in political systems of Russia and Great Britain. Imagine that one of you is a member of Russian Duma and another one is a member of British Parliament. Speak about the head of the government, constitution, legislature, executive and judiciary.

Read and translate the text

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It was first mentioned in the records dated back to the year 1147. At that time it was a small frontier post. The history of Moscow is connected with the history of Russia. In 1237 Moscow fell under the yoke of the Tatars. And it was Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory over the invaders in the battle of Kulikovo field in 1380.

By the 15-th century Moscow turned into a wealthy city. It was under Ivan III that Moscow became the capital of the state of Muscovy. At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected.

During the Time of Troubles Moscow was occupied by the Polish invaders but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharsky.

In 1812 the Napoleonic army entered Moscow. The city was set ablaze. The army had to retreat. That was a poor substitute for the military triumph in Russia, so much desired by Napoleon.

Nowadays Moscow is the largest city of Russia. It is a political, administrative, economic, educational and cultural centre of the country.

There are many places of interest in Moscow. The city is famous for its historical monuments, museums, art galleries and theatres. The Historical Museum, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Mali and Art theatres. Moscow is an industrial centre with highly developed engineering, electric, light and chemical industries.

Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Russian Academy of Sciences, the oldest university, many schools of higher learning, colleges and scientific institutions are located here.

Moscow is the country’s largest sports centre. It often becomes a scene of international sports festivals.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer.

1. When was Moscow first mentioned in the records?

a) 1380 b) 980 c) 1147

2. Who headed the liberation movement in the 14^th century?

1. Prince Dminry Donskoy

2. Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky

3. Ivan III

3. When did Moscow become the capital of Russia?

1. in the 15^th century

2. in the 12^th century

3. in the 16^th century

4. What happened to Moscow in September of 1812?

1. a) rebuilt b) set ablase с) a great festival was held

Exercise 3.Rearrange the given dates in the proper historical order:

1237; 1380; 1147; 1812; the 15^th century

Exercise 4.Write a list of your favourite Moscow sights.

Discussion

In the 20^th century cities grow very quickly. People from villages move to towns and cities. But still some people living in cities dream of having a house in the country. Is it better to live in a big city or in the country ?

2. Read the following pros and cons. Think of some more.

It is better to live in a big city	It is better to live in the country
For	For
Numerous cultural centres. Various sport facilities. Many professions to take.	Fresh air and beautiful nature. One can have a lot of physical activity, working in the garden, etc. Actors,even theatres sometimes give their perfomances just in the place you live.
Against	Against
You suffer from noise and air pollution. You have to cover too long distances every day. You are always in a hurry.	It takes a lot of time to get to town. You have to get up very early in the morning. In summer you are very busy working in the fields, in the garden.

Exercise 3.Find equivalents of Russian words

1.значение a)establishment, b)significance, c)reason

2.маршрут a)route, b)scale, c)channel, d)feature

3.качество a)reason, b)quality, c)member, d)influence

4.решать a)to master, b)to turn, c)to solve, d)to obtain

5.соединять a)to link, b)to clear, c)to care, d)to split

6.средство a)branch, b)improvement, c)means, d)length

7.несколько a)permanent, b)each, c)enough, c)several

8.район a)facility, b)district, c)admission, d)discovery

9.расширять(ся) a)to exist, b)to remain, c)to seat, d)to expand

10.облегчать a)to unite, b)to go on, c)to facilitate, d)to wear

Exercise 4. Find equivalents of Russian words

поэтому to win

облегчать successful

оправдывать piece

работа feature

расширять that is why

множество, изобилие to facilitate

значение job

позади previous

выиграть used to

ценный to expand

верить to justify

особенность significance

по направлению к to expect

предыдущий valuable

бывало behind

успешный convenient

ожидать to believe

удобный to choose

выбирать towards

кусок plenty of

GRAMMAR

Времена английского глагола

Таблица временных форм глагола

Время	Простое Simple	Длительное Progressive	Завершенное Perfect
Настоящее Present	I write Я пишу (вообще, обычно)	I am writing Япишу (сейчас)	I have written Я (уже) написал
Прошедшее Past	I wrote Я (на) писал (вчера)	I was writing Я писал (в тот момент)	I had written Я написал (уже к тому моменту)
Будущее Future	I shall/will write Я напишу, буду писать (завтра)	I shall/will be writing Я буду писать (в тот момент)	I shall/will have written Я напишу (уже к тому моменту)

ГРУППА ВРЕМЕННЫХ ФОРМ SIMPLE

Формы глагола в Present Simple

Число	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная Форма
Ед. число	I (you) ask. He (she, it) asks.	Do I (you) ask? Does he (she, it) ask?	I (you) do not ask. He (she, it) does Not ask.
Мн.число	We (you, they) Ask.	Do we (you, they) ask?	We (you, they) do not ask

Глаголы в формах (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт – безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:

I go to school every day.

Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употребляются слова every day (каждый день), every week (каждую неделю), every month (каждый месяц), every year (каждый год), often (часто), seldom (редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never(никогда).

Наречия often, seldom, always, never, usually обычно ставятся перед глаголом.

В предложениях с глаголом to be эти наречия обычно ставятся после глагола.

He is never late for his work. – Он никогда не опаздывает на работу.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using one of the following:

cause(s) close(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) take(s) plays

1.Ann speaks German very well.

2.I never… …coffee.

3.The swimming pool… …at 9 o`clock and … …at 18.30 every day.

4.Bad driving… …many accidents.

5.My parents… …in a very small flat.

6.The Olympic Games… …every four years.

Exercise 2. Put the verb into the correct form.

1.Jane doesn`t drink (not/drink) tea very often.

2.What time… …(the banks/close) in Britain?

3.Where… …(Peter/come) from?

4.What… …(you/do)?

5.It… …(take) me an hour to get to work. How long … …(it/take) you?

6.I… …(play) the piano but I… …(not/play) very well.

7.I don`t understand this sentence. What… …(this word/mean)?

Exercise 3. Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative:

belive eat flow go grow make rise tell translate

1. The earth goes round the sun.

2. Rice doesn`t grow in Britain.

3. The sun … …in the east.

4. Bees … …honey.

5. Vegetarians … …meat

6. An atheist … …in God.

7. An interpreter … …from one language into another.

8. A liar is someone who … …the truth.

9. The River Amazon … …into the Atlantic Ocean.

Exercise 4. Ask Liz questions about herself and her family.

1.You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her.

How often do you play tennis?

2.Perhaps Liz`s sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz.

… …your sister … …

3.You know that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to know which one. Ask her.

… … … …

4.You know that Liz`s brother works. You want to know what he does. Ask Liz.

… … … …

5.You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know how often. Ask her.

… … … …

6.You don`t know where Liz`s mother lives. Ask Liz.

… … … …

Формы глагола в Past Simple

Число	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная Форма
Ед. и мн.	I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked.	Did I (you, he, she, it,we, they) ask?	I (you, he, she, it, we, they) didn’t ask.

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Simple образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицейnot, краткая форма:don`t, does n`t, did n`t. Порядок слов прямой. Вопросительные предложения образуются как правило простой перестановкой подлежащего и вспомогательного глагола, вопросительные местоимения при этом стоят всегда впереди.

He is a student. – Is he a student?

We do not write much. – Do we write much?

You have a computer. – Have you a computer? – What do you have?

She does not live in Moscow. – Does she live in Moscow?

He didn`t like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film he didn`t like?

Время PastSimple служит:

1) Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Past Simple переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в Past Simple могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, during the lesson во время урока и.т.п.

I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях.

He came at five o’clock. Он пришел в пять часов.

He called when I was Oн заходил, когда я был

At the institute в институте

2) Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

He left the hotel, took a taxi Он вышел из отеля, взял такси

and drove to the theatre. и поехал в театр.

When arrived at the railway Когда я приехал на вокзал, я

station, I went to the booking пошел в кассу и купил билет

office and bought a ticket.

Правильные и неправильные глаголы

(Regular and Irregular verbs)

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные. У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Simple Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ed (-d):

to ask – asked to change – changed

to receive – received to work – worked

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а)если глагол оканчивается на –у с предшествующей согласной, то буква –у меняется на –i и добавляется окончание –ed

to supply – supplied to apply – applied

если глагол оканчивается на –у с предшествующей гласной, то буква –у не меняется и добавляется окончание –ed

to stay – stayed to play – played

если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается:

to stop – stopped

Exercise 1. Read what Sharon says about a typical working day:

I usually get up at 7 o`clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o`clock. I`m always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don`t usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o`clock. I always sleep well.

Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Write what she did or didn`t do yesterday.

1.She got up at 7 o`clock.

2.She … … … a big breakfast.

3.She … … … .

4.It … … … to get to work.

5.… … … at 8.45.

6…. … … lunch.

7…. … … at 5 o`clock.

8…. … … tired when … … … home.

9…. … … a meal yesterday evening.

10…. … … out yesterday evening.

11…. … … at 11 o`clock.

12…. … … well last night.

Exercise 2.Put one of these verbs in each sentence:

buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write

1.Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.

2.How did you learn to drive? My father … … me.

3.We couldn`t afford to keep our car, so we … … it.

4.I was very thirsty. I … … the water very quickly.

5.Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He`s much better than me, so he … … easily.

6.Don … … down the stairs this morning and … … his leg.

7.Jim … … the ball to Sue, who … … it.

8.Ann… … a lot of money yesterday. She … … a dress which … … $100.

Exercise 3. A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions.

1.(where/go?) Where did you go?

2.(go alone?) … … …

3.(food/good?) … … …

4.(how long/stay there?) … … …

5.(stay/at a hotel?)

6.(how/travel) … … …

7.(the weather/fine?)

8.(what/do in the evenings?)

9.(meet anybody interesting?)

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative.

1.It was warm, so I took off my coat. (take)

2.The film wasn`t very good. I didn`t enjoy it very much. (enjoy)

3.I knew Sarah was very busy, so I … … her. (disturb)

4.I was very tired, so I … … to bed early. (go)

5.The bed was very uncomfortable. I … … very well. (sleep)

6.Sue wasn`t hungry, so she … … anything. (eat)

7.We went to Kate`s house but she … … at home. (be)

8.It was a funny situation but nobody … … (laugh)

9.The window was open and a bird … … into the room. (fly)

10.The hotel wasn`t very expensive. It … … very much. (cost)

11.I was in a hurry, so I … … time to phone you. (have)

12.It was hard work carrying the bags. They … … very heavy. (be)

Формы глаголав Future Simple

Число	Утвердительная Форма	Вопросительная Форма	Отрицательная форма
Ед.	I shall ask. You (he, she, it) will ask	Shall I ask? Will you (he, she, it) ask?	I shall not ask. You (he, she, it) will not ask.
Мн.	We shall ask. You (they) will ask.	Shall we ask? Will you (they) ask?	We shall not ask. You (they) will not ask.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with I`ll + a suitable verb.

1.I`m too tired to walk home. I think I`ll get a taxi.

2.It`s a bit cold in this room. Is it? … … on the heating then.

3.We haven`t got any milk. Oh, haven`t we? … … and get some.

4.Do you want me to do the washing-up? No, it is all right. … … it.

5.I don`t know how to use this computer. OK, … … you.

6.Would you like tea or coffee? … … coffee, please.

7.Goodbye! have a nice holiday. Thanks. … … you a postcard.

8.Thank you for lending me your camera. … … it back to you on Monday, OK?

9.Are you coming with us? No, I think … … here.

Exercise 2. Read the situation and write sentences with I think I`ll… or I don`t think I`ll… .

1.It`s a bit cold. You decide to close the window. You say: I think I`ll close the window.

2.You are feeling tired and it`s quite late. You decide to go to bed. You say: I think … … .

3.A friend of yours offers you a lift in his car but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you but … … .

4.You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don`t want to play. You say: I don`t think … … .

5.You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don`t want to go. … …

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with will + one of these verbs:

To be come get like look meet pass

1. Don`t worry about your exam. I`m sure you`ll pass.

2. Why don`t you try on this jacket? It … … nice on you.

3. You must meet George sometime. I think you … … him.

4.It`s raining. Don`t go out. You … … wet.

5. They`ve invited me to their house. They … … offended if I don`t go.

6. I`ve invited Sue to the party but I don`t think she … … .

7. I wonder where I … … 20 years from now.

Unit4

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

Civil Engineering

The term “engineering” is a modern one. The New Marriam-Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word “engineering” as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term “engineering” means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering.

While the definition “civil engineering” dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.

First the word “civil engineering” was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18^th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.

But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering.

It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called “mechanical engineers”.

With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering – electrical engineering. It is divided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering.

In the middle of the 20^th century there appeared some other new branches of engineering – nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter – on the achievements of modern science and engineering.

At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.

The term “civil engineering” has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering.

Here are some fields of civil engineering:

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering.

Exercise 2. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

appliance n приспособление, прибор

apply v обращаться (for-за помощью, справкой, to-к кому-л)

branch n ветвь, филиал, отрасль

concern v касаться, относиться, интересовать

conflict with nature противоречить природе, бороться с природой

deal (with) v иметь дело с чем-л., кем-л.

divide (into) v делить, разделять

distinguish (from) v отличать

execute v выполнять

harbour n гавань

lead (to) v вести (к)

protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л.

sustain v поддерживать, выдерживать

…in amore extended sense в более широком смысле

The former…, while the latter… первый (имеется в виду из двух

упомянутых

Here are some fields of

Civil engineering. Вот некоторые области строительства.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions

1. What does the word “engineering” mean?

2. Is engineering a science?

3. What branches is Civil engineering divided into?

4. How old is the profession of a Civil engineer?

5. What distinct meanings has the term “Civil engineering”?

6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?

7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?

8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?

9. When was electrical engineering developed?

10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?

Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents to the following international words without a dictionary. Learn them by heart.

start mechanics

mechanism economics

principle mathematics

architecture thermodynamics

energy communication

material utilization

form fortification

construction application

element general

Exercise 5. Control reading of the text. Read and answer the questions. Give title to each part of the text

Part 1

In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most of ten it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering:

Part 2

Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering (строительство), transports engineering (дорожный транспорт) and hydraulic engineering (гидротехника).

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1. Is engineering a science?

2. How can we translate the word «engineering»? What are the Russian equivalents for this term?

3. What do civil engineers deal with?

4. What are the main subdivisions in the field of civil engineering?

Exercise 3. Find translation of the words

1. appropriate

2. essential

3. property

4. speed

5. to assist

6. to create

7. to reduce

8. to require

9. to select

10. to suggest

11. to transmit

1. отбирать

2.передавать

3.помогать

4.предлагать

5.свойство

6.скорость

7.создавать

8.сокращать

9.соответствующий

10.существенный

11.требовать

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations:

design of large buildings

construction materials

to operate machinery of all types

electric power and signals

engineering problems

electronic circuits

important developments

to transmit power

to reduce power losses

communication systems

speed of computer operations

techniques of modern shipbuilding

particular requirements of production

to withstand the high temperatures

to reduce accidents

Группа временных форм Continuous

Формы глаголав Present Continuous

Число	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная Форма
Ед.	I am asking. You are asking. He (she, it) is Asking.	Am I asking? Are you asking? Is he (she, it) asking?	I am not asking. You are not asking. He (she, it) is not asking.
Мн.	We (you, they) Are asking.	Are we (you, they) asking?	We (you, they) are not asking.

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент или период. Указание на время типа now (сейчас), at the moment (в данный момент) может быть либо выражено, либо подразумеваться.

С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние, Present Continuous обычно не употребляется:

To feel (чувствовать)

To be (быть, находиться)

to live (жить)

to stay (оставаться)

to hear (слышать)

to see (видеть)

to know (знать)

to remember (помнить)

to think (думать)

to want (хотеть)

to like (любить, нравиться)

to love (любить)

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form:

Come get happen look make start stay try work

1. “You’re working hard today.” “Yes, I have a lot to do.”

1. I … … … for Christine. Do you know where she is?

2. It … … … dark. Shall I turn on the light?

3. They haven’t got anywhere to live at the moment. They … … … with friends until they find somewhere.

4. “Are you ready, Ann” “Yes, I … … … .”

5. Have you got an umbrella? It … … … to rain.

6. You … … … a lot of noise. Could you be quieter? I … … … to concentrate.

7. Why are all these people here? What … … … ?

Exercise 2. Use the words in brackets to complete the questions.

1. “Is Colin working this week?” “No, he’s on holiday/” (Colin/work)

2. Why … … … at me like that? What’s the matter? (You/look)

3. “Jenny is student at university.” “Is she? What … … … ?” (she/study)

4. … … … to the radio or can I turn it off? (anybody/listen)

5. How is your English? … … … better? (it/get)

Exercise 3.Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (I’m not doing ect.).

1. I’m tired. I’m going(go) to bed now. Goodnight!

2. We can go out now. It isn’t raining(rain) any more.

3. “how is your new job?” “Not so good at the moment. I … … … (enjoy) it very much.”

4. Catherine phoned me last night. She’s on holiday in France. She … … …

(have) a great time and doesn’t want to come back.

5. I want to lose weight, so this week I … … … (eat) lunch.

6. Angela has just started evening classes. She … … … (learn) German.

7. I think Paul and Ann have had an argument. They … … … (speak) to each other.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Число	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная Форма
Ед.	I (he, she, it) was asking. You were asking.	Was I (he, she, it) asking? Were you asking?	I (he, she, it) was not asking. You were not asking
Мн.	We (you, they) were asking.	Were we (you, they) asking?	We (you, they) were not asking.

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Exercise 1. What were you doing at the following times? Write one sentence as in the examples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example).

1.(at 8 o`clock yesterday evening) I was having dinner with some friends.

2.(at 5 o`clock last Saturday) I was on my way to London.

3.(at 10.15 yesterday morning)

4.(at 4.30 this morning)

5.(at 7.45 yesterday evening)

6.(half an hour ago)

Exercise 2. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous.

1.Tom burnt his hand while he was cooking the dinner.

2.The doorbell rang while I… …

3.We saw an accident while we … …

4.Mary fell asleep while she … …

5.The television was on but nobody … …

Exercise 3. Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

1.I saw (see) Sue in town yesterday but she … … (not/see) me.

2.She … … (look) the other way.

3.I … … (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. They … … (go) to Berlin and I … … (go) to Madrid.

4.We … … (have) a chat while we … … (wait) for our flights.

5.I … … (cycle) home yesterday when suddenly a man … … (step) out into the road in front of me.

6.I … … (go) quite fast but luckily I … … (manage) to stop in time and … … (not/hit) him.

Exercise 4.Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.

1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive).

2. What … … (you/do) this time yesterday? I was asleep.

3. ... … (you/go) out last night? No, I was too tired.

4. Was Carol at the party last night? Yes, she … … (wear) a really nice dress.

5. How fast … … (you/drive) when the accident … … (happen)?

6. John … … (take) a photograph of me while I … … (not/look).

7. We were in a very difficult position. We … … (not/know) what to do.

8. I haven`t seen Alan for ages. When I last … … (see) him, he … … (try) tofind a job in London.

9. I … … (walk) along the street when suddenly I … … (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody … … (follow) me. I was frightened and I … … (start) to run.

6. When I was young, I … … (want) to be a bus driver.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Число	Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная Форма
Ед.	I shall be asking. You (he, she, it) be asking?	Shall I be asking? will you (he, she, it) be asking?	I shall not be asking. You (he, she, it) will not be asking.
Мн.	We shall be asking. You (trey) will be asking.	Shall we be asking? Will you (trey) be asking?	We shall not be asking. You (they) will not be asking.

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность – в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). – Я иду в школу (сейчас, в настоящий момент).

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o’clock. –Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at7 o’clock. – Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее:

We are leaving for Moscow in July. – Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Exercise 4. Where will you be at these times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use one of these:

I`ll be… or I expect I`ll probably be …or I don`t know where I`ll be or I`m not sure. I might be…

1. (next Monday evening at 7.45) I`ll probably be at home.

or I`m not sure. I might be at the cinema. or I don`t know where I`ll be.

2. (at 5 o`clock tomorrow morning)

3. (at 10.30 tomorrow morning)

4. (next Saturday afternoon at 4.15)

5. (ths time next year)

Unit5