3. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:

• any, in , density, important, application, is

• important, a, is, stiffness, rigid, structure, is, to, when, mad, be

• from, toughness, is, strength, different

• low, brittle, have, materials, toughness

• a, many, in, materials, have, higher, strength, in, tension, than, compression.

Get talking

1. Make up a plan to the text.

2. Imagine you are a future skilled engineer. Say some words about properties of materials. Your talk should include 15—20 phrases.

ОБЪЕКТНЫЙИНФИНИТИВНЫЙОБОРОТ

(THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION)

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» представляет собой сочетание имени существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже с инфинитивом глагола:

I want him (Peter) to work at this Я хочу чтобы он (Питер) работал problem with us. над этой проблемой вместе снами.

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» равнозначен придаточному предложению и поэтому имеет два элемента: 1) имя (существительное или местоимение), обозначающее лицо или предмет, которое совершает действие (соответствует подлежащему придаточного предложения), и 2) инфинитив, выражающий действие, совершаемое лицом или предметом (соответствует сказуемому придаточного предложения). Поэтому «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» переводится на русский язык придаточным дополнительным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы, как:

I expect that she will come to morrow. } Я ожидаю, что она придет завтра.

I expect her to come tomorrow. } Я ожидаю, что она придет завтра.

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» употребляется после гла­голов, выражающих:

1) желание или потребность:

To want - хотеть, требовать, нуждаться

To wish - желать

to desire -желать

I should like - я хотел бы

He wants me to help him. Он хочет, чтобы я помог ему.

I wish my friends to come on Sunday. Я хочу, чтобы мои друзья пришли в воскресенье.

I should like you to translate this article. Я бы хотел, чтобы вы перевели эту статью.

2) предположение, мнение, суждение:

To suppose - полагать, предполагать

To expect - ожидать

To consider - считать, полагать

To assume - предполагать, допускать

To prove - оказываться, доказывать

To believe - считать, полагать

To understand - понимать

To think - думать, считать

I consider him to be dangerous. Я считаю, что он опасен.

They expect the ship to arrive Они ожидают, что пароход

tonight. прибудет сегодня вечером.

I believe her to have been sent to Я полагаю, что ее послали в

St. Petersburg. Санкт-Петербург.

В конструкции «Объектный инфинитивный оборот» после таких глаголов, как to consider, to think, глагол to be может опускаться. Например, вместо I consider him to be a good specialist можно сказать I consider him a good specialist и на русский язык перевести буквально, а именно: Я считаю его хорошим специалистом.

3) физическое восприятие и ощущение:

To watch - наблюдать

to observe - наблюдать

to notice - замечать

to see - видеть

to hear -слышать

to feel - ощущать

После всех этих глаголов, а также после глаголов to make, to cause в значении заставлять, вынудить инфинитив употребляется без частицыto:

We did not see the teacher enter Мы не видели, как преподаватель

The room. вошел в комнату.

Have you heard him play the Вы слышали, как он играет на

piano? пианино?

4) знание, осведомленность, утверждение, констатацию факта:

To note - отмечать

To find - находить, считать

To claim - утверждать

To state - констатировать

We found him (to be)dishonest.Мы обнаружили, что он нечес­тен.

5) принуждение, разрешение или заорет:

To make - заставлять

To cause - заставлять

To force - вынуждать

To allow - позволять

To permit - позволять

To order - приказывать

To command - приказывать

To enable- давать возможность

«Объектный инфинитивный оборот» после этих глаголов переводится развернутым придаточным предложением:

Our English teacher makes us learn Наш преподаватель английского

Языка заставляет

The words for every lesson. нас учить слова к каждому уроку.

Инфинитив после перечисленных глаголов нередко встречается в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice)- В этом случае он переводится на русский язык инфинитивом в форме действительного залога и ставится перед существительным, которое в английском предложении предшествует инфинитиву:

The chief engineer allowed the new Главный инженер разрешил

engine to be tested. Испытывать новый двигатель.

Exercise 1.Put the verbs in brackets in the right form:

1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. Her father made her (learn) the lessons. 3. If you want us (make) the work quickly you should let us (start) at once.4. Would you like me (read) now? 5. They won't let us (leave) the classroom till our control work has been checked. 6. He wouldn't let the children (play) in his study. 7. Please let me (know) the results of your exam as soon as possible. 8. He made us (wait) for two hours. 9. I let him (go) early as he had done his task. 10. I'd like him (enter) the university but I can't make him (do) it. 11.I want her (learn) English. 12.I heard the door (open) and saw my friend (come) into the room. 13. I heard her (play) the piano. 14.I saw him (go out) of the house. 15. The teacher advised us (use) dictionaries. 16. Her father doesn't allow her (go) to the cinema alone. 17. We expect our basketball team (win) next game. 18. We don't want you (tell) anything. 19.I saw them (open) the window. 20. That is too difficult for you to do, let me (help) you.

Exercise 2.Translate in to English:

1. Вы хотите, чтобы дети играли здесь? 2. Вы хотите, чтобы мы встретились сегодня? 3. Вы ожидаете, работа будет сделана скоро? 4. Мы ожидаем, что они хорошо проведут у нас время. 5. Я хочу, чтобы он закончил эту работу. 6. Мы слышали, что она знает, когда мы сдаем экзамен. 7. Вы хотите, чтобы мы обсудили этот вопрос сегодня? 8. Мы ожидаем, что на этом месте будет построен новый дом. 9. Вы хотели бы, чтобы работа была сделана сегодня?

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian using the objective construction

A. 1. He wanted us to visit the art exhibition.

2. I expect you to tell me everything.

3. I suppose her to be about 50.

4.The teacher does not consider him to be a good student.

5.The engineer expected the work to be done in time.

6. We expect you to show good results.

7.We know him to have graduated from the Institute two years ago.

8.Everybody knows him to be working on a new book.

9.We believe cybernetics to be an important branch of modern technology

10. We thought him to have taken part in their experiment.

Б. 1. She felt somebody touch her.

2. We heard him come in and close the door behind him.

3. Have you ever seen Ulanova dance?

4. She watched the boy buy a newspaper, open it, look it through and then throw it away.

5. I heard him mention my sister's name.

6. Many people like to watch the sun rise.

7. She saw her son fall and shouted.

8. He likes to watch his son play in the garden.

9. The students heard the bell ring.

10. You can't make me believe that all these stories are true.

11. In spite of bad weather the instructor made the sportsmen continue their training.

Exercise 4. Rewrite sentences using Complex Object

1. We noticed a man. The man was cleaning his shoes. 2. He saw two girls. They were dancing on the stage. 3. She watched the children. They were running and playing in the garden. 4. I saw her. She was arranging her hair. 5. we saw our neighbor . He was listening to the latest news on the radio. 6. The cat was rubbing itself on my leg. I felt it. 7. They were fishing. We saw it. 8. The pupils were writing a paper. The teacher watched them. 9. A caterpillar was crawling on my arm. 10. We heard I. Arkhipova last night. She was singing a Russian folk song .

11. The boy noticed a boy. It flew on to the bush near the window. 12 Jane saw her neighbor. He opened the door of his flat and went in. 13.I saw him. He pointed to a picture on the wall. 14.I heard him. He shut the door of the study.15 we saw that the children climbed to the tops of the trees.16 I noticed that Henry went up and spoke to the stranger. 17. He slipped and fell. I saw it. 18. I heard that she suddenly cried out loudly. 19. She bent and picked up something from the floor. The policeman saw it. 20.I saw that he opened the door and left the room.

Test 1

Tick off the variant that is impossible in English.

1. A) I saw her entering the room.

B) I saw her enter the room.

C) I saw her to enter the room.

2. A) Many people found him be innocent.

B) Many people found him innocent.

C) Many people found him to be innocent.

3. A) When came nearer I heard somebody playing the piano.

B) When came nearer I heard somebody play the piano.

C) When came nearer I heard somebody to play the piano.

4. A) Do you want to make me some tea?

B) Do you want me make you some tea?

C) Do you want some tea made for you?

D) Do you want me to make you some tea?

5. A) They watched him getting off the bus and crossing the road.

B) They watched him get off the bus and cross the road.

C) They watched him to get off the bus and cross the road.

6. A) I don't consider him be an honest man.

B) I don't consider him an honest man.

C) I don't consider him to be an honest man.

7. A) He expected us to come on Sunday.

B) He expected us come on Sunday.

C) He expected that we would come on Sunday.

8. A) Would you like them change their mind?

B) Would you like them to change their mind?

C) Would you like to change their mind?

9. A) They expect themselves to be invited.

B) They expect to be invited.

C) They expect that they will be invited.

D) They expect they will be invited.

10. A) Do you feel her watching you?

B) Do you feel her watch you?

C) Do you feel her to watch you?

11. A) They considered themselves to be right,

B) They considered to be right.

C) They considered that they were right.

12. A) He ordered that the execution should be postponed.

B) He ordered the execution to be postponed.

C) He ordered the execution be postponed.

Test 2

1. Teddy’s words made me (feel) uncomfortable.

A) to feel

B) feeling

C) feel

2. Mrs. Pottson allowed her guests (smoke ) in the living-room.

A) to smoke

B) smoking

C) smoke

3. Has the secretary come yet? I want to have my papers (type).

A) to type

B) type

C) typed

4. I watched my cat (play) with her kittens. I couldn’t tear myself away from that funny sight.

A) played

B) plying

C) to play

5. Granny didn’t want my Mom (marry) my Dad.

A) marry

B) to marry

C) married

6. Our English teacher told us (not/feel) shy and speak English as much as possible.

A) not to feel

B) not feel

C) felt

7. I have to get my photograph (take) for a new passport.

A) took

B) take

C) taken

8. There wasn’t much traffic in the street. I saw a little girl (cross) the road.

A) crossed

B) cross

C) to cross

9. I have never heard Helen (sing).

A) sang

B) sings

C) singing

10. Mary would like her brother (avoid) Tom’s company.

A) to avoid

B) avoid

C) avoided

11. We expected the Harrisons (arrive) later than usual.

A) to arrive

B) arrive

C) arrived

12. What makes you (do) such rash actions?

A) do

B) to do

C) doing

Unit15

MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIALS

Before-Reading

1. Discuss the following:

• What a modern industrial technology do you know?

• Have you been at any industrial plant?

• Have you seen any process of industrial technology?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:

• ingredient

• mechanical extrusion process

• conveyor belt

• diagonal boards

• balloon frame system

3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

a production of brick(производство кирпича), a timber technology(технология обработки лесоматериала), an industrial method(промышленный метод), a small building(небольшое строение), an innovation in building construction(инновационный метод в строительстве), a production development(развитие производства), a mechanical process(механический процесс).

While-Reading

1. Read the text and find new words from the text.

2. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:

• warehouse

• timber technology

• laborious process of hand-molding

• balloon frame

• building construction

• conveyor belt

• constituent building materials

One of the building materials used in a construction is a brick. The production of a brick was industrialized in the 19th century. Earlier it was a process of hand-molding. Later it was superseded by «pressed» bricks. It was a mass production by a mechanical extrusion process. In this way clay was squeezed by "pressed" through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter. Periodically fired kilns were used. Bricks were moved slowly on a conveyor belt. New methods considerably reduced the cost of a brick. That's why it became one of the constituent building materials of the age.

Rapid development of timber technology was in the 19th century in North America. It was explained large softwood fir's forests and pine trees. There they were used as industrial methods. Steam- and water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in the 1820s. The production of cheap machine made nails in the 1830s. It provided other necessary ingredient — a balloon frame. That made possible a major innovation in building construction. The first example was a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow. There was a great demand for small buildings of all types settled on North American continent. Light timber frame provided a quick, flexible, inexpensive solution to this problem. Heavy timbers and complex joinery were abandoned in the balloon frame system. The building walls were framed with 5 x 10-centimetre (2 x 4-inch) vertical members. They were placed at 40 centimeters (16 inches) from the centre. This supplied a roof and floor joists, usually 5x25 centimeters (2x10 inches) and placed 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart and were capable of spanning up to six meters (20 feet).

3. Read the text again and translate the second paragraph from the text.

4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.

5. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:

• When was the production of a brick industrialized?

• When did rapid development of a timber technology undergo?

• What was George W. Snow?

6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• The production of a brick was industrialized in the...

• It was a mass production...

• ...in North America.

• There were large softwood fir's forests...

• ...in the 1820s.

• ...hi the 1830s.

• ...were moved slowly .

• ...it was a process.

• ...a great demand for small buildings.

7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:

• The production of brick was industrialized in the 20th century.

• These were not mass-produced by a mechanical extrusion process in which clay was squeezed by "pressed" through a rectangular die as a continuous column and sliced to size by a wire cutter.

• There was also a proliferation of elaborately shaped and stamped masonry units.

• Timber technology underwent rapid development in the 20th century in North America, where there were large forests of softwood fir and pine trees that could be harvested and processed by industrial methods; steam- and water-powered sawmills began producing standard-dimension timbers in quantity in the 1920s.

• The production of cheap machine-made nails in the 1830s provided the other necessary ingredient that made possible a major innovation in building construction, the balloon frame; the first example is thought to be a warehouse erected in Chicago in 1832 by George W. Snow.

After-Reading

Grammar focus: