- •Table of Contents
- •Chapter 1: Probabilistic Design
- •1.1. Understanding Probabilistic Design
- •1.1.1. Traditional (Deterministic) vs. Probabilistic Design Analysis Methods
- •1.1.2. Reliability and Quality Issues
- •1.2. Probabilistic Design Terminology
- •1.3. Using Probabilistic Design
- •1.3.1. Create the Analysis File
- •1.3.1.1. Example Problem Description
- •1.3.1.2. Build the Model Parametrically
- •1.3.1.3. Obtain the Solution
- •1.3.1.4. Retrieve Results and Assign as Output Parameters
- •1.3.1.5. Prepare the Analysis File
- •1.3.2. Establish Parameters for Probabilistic Design Analysis
- •1.3.3. Enter the PDS and Specify the Analysis File
- •1.3.4. Declare Random Input Variables
- •1.3.5. Visualize Random Input Variables
- •1.3.6. Specify Correlations Between Random Variables
- •1.3.7. Specify Random Output Parameters
- •1.3.8. Select a Probabilistic Design Method
- •1.3.8.1. Probabilistic Method Determination Wizard
- •1.3.9. Execute Probabilistic Analysis Simulation Loops
- •1.3.9.1. Probabilistic Design Looping
- •1.3.9.2. Serial Analysis Runs
- •1.3.9.3. PDS Parallel Analysis Runs
- •1.3.9.3.1. Machine Configurations
- •1.3.9.3.1.1. Choosing Slave Machines
- •1.3.9.3.1.2. Using the Remote Shell Option
- •1.3.9.3.1.3. Using the Connection Port Option
- •1.3.9.3.1.4. Configuring the Master Machine
- •1.3.9.3.1.5. Host setup using port option
- •1.3.9.3.1.6. Host and Product selection for a particular analysis
- •1.3.9.3.2. Files Needed for Parallel Run
- •1.3.9.3.3. Controlling Server Processes
- •1.3.9.3.4. Initiate Parallel Run
- •1.3.10. Fit and Use Response Surfaces
- •1.3.10.1. About Response Surface Sets
- •1.3.10.2. Fitting a Response Surface
- •1.3.10.3. Plotting a Response Surface
- •1.3.10.4. Printing a Response Surface
- •1.3.10.5. Generating Monte Carlo Simulation Samples on the Response Surfaces
- •1.3.11. Review Results Data
- •1.3.11.1. Viewing Statistics
- •1.3.11.2. Viewing Trends
- •1.3.11.3. Creating Reports
- •1.4. Guidelines for Selecting Probabilistic Design Variables
- •1.4.1. Choosing and Defining Random Input Variables
- •1.4.1.1. Random Input Variables for Monte Carlo Simulations
- •1.4.1.2. Random Input Variables for Response Surface Analyses
- •1.4.1.3. Choosing a Distribution for a Random Variable
- •1.4.1.3.1. Measured Data
- •1.4.1.3.2. Mean Values, Standard Deviation, Exceedence Values
- •1.4.1.3.3. No Data
- •1.4.1.4. Distribution Functions
- •1.4.2. Choosing Random Output Parameters
- •1.5. Probabilistic Design Techniques
- •1.5.1. Monte Carlo Simulations
- •1.5.1.1. Direct Sampling
- •1.5.1.2. Latin Hypercube Sampling
- •1.5.1.3. User-Defined Sampling
- •1.5.2. Response Surface Analysis Methods
- •1.5.2.1. Central Composite Design Sampling
- •1.5.2.2. Box-Behnken Matrix Sampling
- •1.5.2.3. User-Defined Sampling
- •1.6. Postprocessing Probabilistic Analysis Results
- •1.6.1. Statistical Postprocessing
- •1.6.1.1. Sample History
- •1.6.1.2. Histogram
- •1.6.1.3. Cumulative Distribution Function
- •1.6.1.4. Print Probabilities
- •1.6.1.5. Print Inverse Probabilities
- •1.6.2. Trend Postprocessing
- •1.6.2.1. Sensitivities
- •1.6.2.2. Scatter Plots
- •1.6.2.3. Correlation Matrix
- •1.6.3. Generating an HTML Report
- •1.7. Multiple Probabilistic Design Executions
- •1.7.1. Saving the Probabilistic Design Database
- •1.7.2. Restarting a Probabilistic Design Analysis
- •1.7.3. Clearing the Probabilistic Design Database
- •1.8. Example Probabilistic Design Analysis
- •1.8.1. Problem Description
- •1.8.2. Problem Specifications
- •1.8.2.1. Problem Sketch
- •1.8.3. Using a Batch File for the Analysis
- •1.8.4. Using the GUI for the PDS Analysis
- •Chapter 2: Variational Technology
- •2.1. Harmonic Sweep Using VT Accelerator
- •2.1.1. Structural Elements Supporting Frequency-Dependent Properties
- •2.1.2. Harmonic Sweep for Structural Analysis with Frequency-Dependent Material Properties
- •2.1.2.1. Beam Example
- •Chapter 3: Adaptive Meshing
- •3.1. Prerequisites for Adaptive Meshing
- •3.2. Employing Adaptive Meshing
- •3.3. Modifying the Adaptive Meshing Process
- •3.3.1. Selective Adaptivity
- •3.3.2. Customizing the ADAPT Macro with User Subroutines
- •3.3.2.1. Creating a Custom Meshing Subroutine (ADAPTMSH.MAC)
- •3.3.2.2. Creating a Custom Subroutine for Boundary Conditions (ADAPTBC.MAC)
- •3.3.2.3. Creating a Custom Solution Subroutine (ADAPTSOL.MAC)
- •3.3.2.4. Some Further Comments on Custom Subroutines
- •3.3.3. Customizing the ADAPT Macro (UADAPT.MAC)
- •3.4. Adaptive Meshing Hints and Comments
- •3.5. Where to Find Examples
- •Chapter 4: Rezoning
- •4.1. Benefits and Limitations of Rezoning
- •4.1.1. Rezoning Limitations
- •4.2. Rezoning Requirements
- •4.3. Understanding the Rezoning Process
- •4.3.1. Overview of the Rezoning Process Flow
- •4.3.2. Key Commands Used in Rezoning
- •4.4. Step 1: Determine the Substep to Initiate Rezoning
- •4.5. Step 2. Initiate Rezoning
- •4.6. Step 3: Select a Region to Remesh
- •4.7. Step 4: Perform the Remeshing Operation
- •4.7.1. Choosing a Remeshing Method
- •4.7.1.1. Remeshing Using a Program-Generated New Mesh (2-D)
- •4.7.1.1.1. Creating an Area to Remesh
- •4.7.1.1.2. Using Nodes From the Old Mesh
- •4.7.1.1.3. Hints for Remeshing Multiple Regions
- •4.7.1.1.4. Generating a New Mesh
- •4.7.1.2. Remeshing Using a Generic New Mesh (2-D and 3-D)
- •4.7.1.2.1. Using the REMESH Command with a Generic New Mesh
- •4.7.1.2.2. Requirements for the Generic New Mesh
- •4.7.1.2.3. Using the REGE and KEEP Remeshing Options
- •4.7.1.3. Remeshing Using Manual Mesh Splitting (2-D and 3-D)
- •4.7.1.3.1. Understanding Mesh Splitting
- •4.7.1.3.2. Geometry Details for Mesh Splitting
- •4.7.1.3.3. Using the REMESH Command for Mesh Splitting
- •4.7.1.3.4. Mesh-Transition Options for 2-D Mesh Splitting
- •4.7.1.3.5. Mesh-Transition Options for 3-D Mesh Splitting
- •4.7.1.3.7. Improving Tetrahedral Element Quality via Mesh Morphing
- •4.7.2. Mesh Control
- •4.7.3. Remeshing Multiple Regions at the Same Substep
- •4.8. Step 5: Verify Applied Contact Boundaries, Surface-Effect Elements, Loads, and Boundary Conditions
- •4.8.1. Contact Boundaries
- •4.8.2. Surface-Effect Elements
- •4.8.3. Pressure and Contiguous Displacements
- •4.8.4. Forces and Isolated Applied Displacements
- •4.8.5. Nodal Temperatures
- •4.8.6. Other Boundary Conditions and Loads
- •4.9. Step 6: Automatically Map Variables and Balance Residuals
- •4.9.1. Mapping Solution Variables
- •4.9.2. Balancing Residual Forces
- •4.9.3. Interpreting Mapped Results
- •4.9.4. Handling Convergence Difficulties
- •4.10. Step 7: Perform a Multiframe Restart
- •4.11. Repeating the Rezoning Process if Necessary
- •4.11.1. File Structures for Repeated Rezonings
- •4.12. Postprocessing Rezoning Results
- •4.12.1. The Database Postprocessor
- •4.12.1.1. Listing the Rezoning Results File Summary
- •4.12.1.2. Animating the Rezoning Results
- •4.12.1.3. Using the Results Viewer for Rezoning
- •4.12.2. The Time-History Postprocessor
- •4.13. Rezoning Restrictions
- •4.14. Rezoning Examples
- •4.14.1. Example: Rezoning Using a Program-Generated New Mesh
- •4.14.1.1. Initial Input for the Analysis
- •4.14.1.2. Rezoning Input for the Analysis
- •4.14.2. Example: Rezoning Using a Generic New Mesh
- •4.14.2.1. Initial Input for the Analysis
- •4.14.2.2. Exporting the Distorted Mesh as a CDB File
- •4.14.2.3. Importing the File into ANSYS ICEM CFD and Generating a New Mesh
- •4.14.2.4. Rezoning Using the New CDB Mesh
- •Chapter 5: Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity
- •5.1. Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity Benefits, Limitations and Requirements
- •5.1.1. Rubber Seal Simulation
- •5.1.2. Crack Simulation
- •5.2. Understanding the Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity Process
- •5.2.1. Checking Nonlinear Adaptivity Criteria
- •5.2.1.1. Defining Element Components
- •5.2.1.2. Defining Nonlinear Adaptivity Criteria
- •5.2.1.3. Defining Criteria-Checking Frequency
- •5.3. Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity Criteria
- •5.3.1. Energy-Based
- •5.3.2. Position-Based
- •5.3.3. Contact-Based
- •5.3.4. Frequency of Criteria Checking
- •5.4. How a New Mesh Is Generated
- •5.5. Convergence at Substeps with the New Mesh
- •5.6. Controlling Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity
- •5.7. Postprocessing Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity Results
- •5.8. Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity Examples
- •5.8.1. Example: Rubber Seal Simulation
- •5.8.2. Example: Crack Simulation
- •Chapter 6: 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.1. Benefits of 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.2. Requirements for a 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.3. Overview of the 2-D to 3-D Analysis Process
- •6.3.1. Overview of the 2-D to 3-D Analysis Process Flow
- •6.3.2. Key Commands Used in 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.4. Performing a 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.4.1. Step 1: Determine the Substep to Initiate
- •6.4.2. Step 2: Initiate the 2-D to 3-D Analysis
- •6.4.3. Step 3: Extrude the 2-D Mesh to the New 3-D Mesh
- •6.4.4. Step 4: Map Solution Variables from 2-D to 3-D Mesh
- •6.4.5. Step 5: Perform an Initial-State-Based 3-D Analysis
- •6.5. 2-D to 3-D Analysis Restrictions
- •Chapter 7: Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.1. Understanding Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.1.1. How the Program Automates a Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.1.2. Commands Used in a Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.2. Cyclic Modeling
- •7.2.1. The Basic Sector
- •7.2.2. Edge Component Pairs
- •7.2.2.1. CYCOPT Auto Detection Tolerance Adjustments for Difficult Cases
- •7.2.2.2. Identical vs. Dissimilar Edge Node Patterns
- •7.2.2.3. Unmatched Nodes on Edge-Component Pairs
- •7.2.2.4. Identifying Matching Node Pairs
- •7.2.3. Modeling Limitations
- •7.2.4. Model Verification (Preprocessing)
- •7.3. Solving a Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.1. Understanding the Solution Architecture
- •7.3.1.1. The Duplicate Sector
- •7.3.1.2. Coupling and Constraint Equations (CEs)
- •7.3.1.3. Non-Cyclically Symmetric Loading
- •7.3.1.3.1. Specifying Non-Cyclic Loading
- •7.3.1.3.2. Commands Affected by Non-Cyclic Loading
- •7.3.1.3.3. Plotting and Listing Non-Cyclic Boundary Conditions
- •7.3.1.3.4. Graphically Picking Non-Cyclic Boundary Conditions
- •7.3.2. Solving a Static Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.3. Solving a Modal Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.3.1. Understanding Harmonic Index and Nodal Diameter
- •7.3.3.2. Solving a Stress-Free Modal Analysis
- •7.3.3.3. Solving a Prestressed Modal Analysis
- •7.3.3.4. Solving a Large-Deflection Prestressed Modal Analysis
- •7.3.3.4.1. Solving a Large-Deflection Prestressed Modal Analysis with VT Accelerator
- •7.3.4. Solving a Linear Buckling Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5. Solving a Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5.1. Solving a Full Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5.1.1. Solving a Prestressed Full Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5.2. Solving a Mode-Superposition Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5.2.1. Perform a Static Cyclic Symmetry Analysis to Obtain the Prestressed State
- •7.3.5.2.2. Perform a Linear Perturbation Modal Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.5.2.3. Restart the Modal Analysis to Create the Desired Load Vector from Element Loads
- •7.3.5.2.4. Obtain the Mode-Superposition Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Solution
- •7.3.5.2.5. Review the Results
- •7.3.6. Solving a Magnetic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.3.7. Database Considerations After Obtaining the Solution
- •7.3.8. Model Verification (Solution)
- •7.4. Postprocessing a Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.4.1. General Considerations
- •7.4.1.1. Using the /CYCEXPAND Command
- •7.4.1.1.1. /CYCEXPAND Limitations
- •7.4.1.2. Result Coordinate System
- •7.4.2. Modal Solution
- •7.4.2.1. Real and Imaginary Solution Components
- •7.4.2.2. Expanding the Cyclic Symmetry Solution
- •7.4.2.3. Applying a Traveling Wave Animation to the Cyclic Model
- •7.4.2.4. Phase Sweep of Repeated Eigenvector Shapes
- •7.4.3. Static, Buckling, and Full Harmonic Solutions
- •7.4.4. Mode-Superposition Harmonic Solution
- •7.5. Example Modal Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.5.1. Problem Description
- •7.5.2. Problem Specifications
- •7.5.3. Input File for the Analysis
- •7.5.4. Analysis Steps
- •7.6. Example Buckling Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.6.1. Problem Description
- •7.6.2. Problem Specifications
- •7.6.3. Input File for the Analysis
- •7.6.4. Analysis Steps
- •7.6.5. Solve For Critical Strut Temperature at Load Factor = 1.0
- •7.7. Example Harmonic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.7.1. Problem Description
- •7.7.2. Problem Specifications
- •7.7.3. Input File for the Analysis
- •7.7.4. Analysis Steps
- •7.8. Example Magnetic Cyclic Symmetry Analysis
- •7.8.1. Problem Description
- •7.8.2. Problem Specifications
- •7.8.3. Input file for the Analysis
- •Chapter 8: Rotating Structure Analysis
- •8.1. Understanding Rotating Structure Dynamics
- •8.2. Using a Stationary Reference Frame
- •8.2.1. Campbell Diagram
- •8.2.2. Harmonic Analysis for Unbalance or General Rotating Asynchronous Forces
- •8.2.3. Orbits
- •8.3. Using a Rotating Reference Frame
- •8.4. Choosing the Appropriate Reference Frame Option
- •8.5. Example Campbell Diagram Analysis
- •8.5.1. Problem Description
- •8.5.2. Problem Specifications
- •8.5.3. Input for the Analysis
- •8.5.4. Analysis Steps
- •8.6. Example Coriolis Analysis
- •8.6.1. Problem Description
- •8.6.2. Problem Specifications
- •8.6.3. Input for the Analysis
- •8.6.4. Analysis Steps
- •8.7. Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis
- •8.7.1. Problem Description
- •8.7.2. Problem Specifications
- •8.7.3. Input for the Analysis
- •8.7.4. Analysis Steps
- •Chapter 9: Submodeling
- •9.1. Understanding Submodeling
- •9.1.1. Nonlinear Submodeling
- •9.2. Using Submodeling
- •9.2.1. Create and Analyze the Coarse Model
- •9.2.2. Create the Submodel
- •9.2.3. Perform Cut-Boundary Interpolation
- •9.2.4. Analyze the Submodel
- •9.3. Example Submodeling Analysis Input
- •9.3.1. Submodeling Analysis Input: No Load-History Dependency
- •9.3.2. Submodeling Analysis Input: Load-History Dependency
- •9.4. Shell-to-Solid Submodels
- •9.5. Where to Find Examples
- •Chapter 10: Substructuring
- •10.1. Benefits of Substructuring
- •10.2. Using Substructuring
- •10.2.1. Step 1: Generation Pass (Creating the Superelement)
- •10.2.1.1. Building the Model
- •10.2.1.2. Applying Loads and Creating the Superelement Matrices
- •10.2.1.2.1. Applicable Loads in a Substructure Analysis
- •10.2.2. Step 2: Use Pass (Using the Superelement)
- •10.2.2.1. Clear the Database and Specify a New Jobname
- •10.2.2.2. Build the Model
- •10.2.2.3. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
- •10.2.3. Step 3: Expansion Pass (Expanding Results Within the Superelement)
- •10.3. Sample Analysis Input
- •10.4. Top-Down Substructuring
- •10.5. Automatically Generating Superelements
- •10.6. Nested Superelements
- •10.7. Prestressed Substructures
- •10.7.1. Static Analysis Prestress
- •10.7.2. Substructuring Analysis Prestress
- •10.8. Where to Find Examples
- •Chapter 11: Component Mode Synthesis
- •11.1. Understanding Component Mode Synthesis
- •11.1.1. CMS Methods Supported
- •11.1.2. Solvers Used in Component Mode Synthesis
- •11.2. Using Component Mode Synthesis
- •11.2.1. The CMS Generation Pass: Creating the Superelement
- •11.2.2. The CMS Use and Expansion Passes
- •11.2.3. Superelement Expansion in Transformed Locations
- •11.2.4. Plotting or Printing Mode Shapes
- •11.3. Example Component Mode Synthesis Analysis
- •11.3.1. Problem Description
- •11.3.2. Problem Specifications
- •11.3.3. Input for the Analysis: Fixed-Interface Method
- •11.3.4. Analysis Steps: Fixed-Interface Method
- •11.3.5. Input for the Analysis: Free-Interface Method
- •11.3.6. Analysis Steps: Free-Interface Method
- •11.3.7. Input for the Analysis: Residual-Flexible Free-Interface Method
- •11.3.8. Analysis Steps: Residual-Flexible Free-Interface Method
- •11.3.9. Example: Superelement Expansion in a Transformed Location
- •11.3.9.1. Analysis Steps: Superelement Expansion in a Transformed Location
- •11.3.10. Example: Reduce the Damping Matrix and Compare Full and CMS Results with RSTMAC
- •Chapter 12: Rigid-Body Dynamics and the ANSYS-ADAMS Interface
- •12.1. Understanding the ANSYS-ADAMS Interface
- •12.2. Building the Model
- •12.3. Modeling Interface Points
- •12.4. Exporting to ADAMS
- •12.4.1. Exporting to ADAMS via Batch Mode
- •12.4.2. Verifying the Results
- •12.5. Running the ADAMS Simulation
- •12.6. Transferring Loads from ADAMS
- •12.6.1. Transferring Loads on a Rigid Body
- •12.6.1.1. Exporting Loads in ADAMS
- •12.6.1.2. Importing Loads
- •12.6.1.3. Importing Loads via Commands
- •12.6.1.4. Reviewing the Results
- •12.6.2. Transferring the Loads of a Flexible Body
- •12.7. Methodology Behind the ANSYS-ADAMS Interface
- •12.7.1. The Modal Neutral File
- •12.7.2. Adding Weak Springs
- •12.8. Example Rigid-Body Dynamic Analysis
- •12.8.1. Problem Description
- •12.8.2. Problem Specifications
- •12.8.3. Command Input
- •Chapter 13: Element Birth and Death
- •13.1. Elements Supporting Birth and Death
- •13.2. Understanding Element Birth and Death
- •13.3. Element Birth and Death Usage Hints
- •13.3.1. Changing Material Properties
- •13.4. Using Birth and Death
- •13.4.1. Build the Model
- •13.4.2. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
- •13.4.2.1. Define the First Load Step
- •13.4.2.1.1. Sample Input for First Load Step
- •13.4.2.2. Define Subsequent Load Steps
- •13.4.2.2.1. Sample Input for Subsequent Load Steps
- •13.4.3. Review the Results
- •13.4.4. Use Analysis Results to Control Birth and Death
- •13.4.4.1. Sample Input for Deactivating Elements
- •13.5. Where to Find Examples
- •Chapter 14: User-Programmable Features and Nonstandard Uses
- •14.1. User-Programmable Features (UPFs)
- •14.1.1. Understanding UPFs
- •14.1.2. Types of UPFs Available
- •14.2. Nonstandard Uses of the ANSYS Program
- •14.2.1. What Are Nonstandard Uses?
- •14.2.2. Hints for Nonstandard Use of ANSYS
- •Chapter 15: State-Space Matrices Export
- •15.1. State-Space Matrices Based on Modal Analysis
- •15.1.1. Examples of SPMWRITE Command Usage
- •15.1.2. Example of Reduced Model Generation in ANSYS and Usage in Simplorer
- •15.1.2.1. Problem Description
- •15.1.2.2. Problem Specifications
- •15.1.2.3. Input File for the Analysis
- •Chapter 16: Soil-Pile-Structure Analysis
- •16.1. Soil-Pile-Structure Interaction Analysis
- •16.1.1. Automatic Pile Subdivision
- •16.1.2. Convergence Criteria
- •16.1.3. Soil Representation
- •16.1.4. Mudslides
- •16.1.5. Soil-Pile Interaction Results
- •16.1.5.1. Displacements and Reactions
- •16.1.5.2. Forces and Stresses
- •16.1.5.3. UNITY Check Data
- •16.2. Soil Data Definition and Examples
- •16.2.1. Soil Profile Data Definition
- •16.2.1.1. Mudline Position Definition
- •16.2.1.2. Common Factors for P-Y, T-Z Curves
- •16.2.1.3. Horizontal Soil Properties (P-Y)
- •16.2.1.3.1. P-Y curves defined explicitly
- •16.2.1.3.2. P-Y curves generated from given soil properties
- •16.2.1.4. Vertical Soil Properties (T-Z)
- •16.2.1.4.1. T-Z curves defined explicitly
- •16.2.1.4.2. T-Z curves generated from given soil properties
- •16.2.1.5. End Bearing Properties (ENDB)
- •16.2.1.5.1. ENDB curve defined explicitly
- •16.2.1.5.2. ENDB curves generated from given soil properties
- •16.2.1.6. Mudslide Definition
- •16.2.2. Soil Data File Examples
- •16.2.2.1. Example 1: Constant Linear Soil
- •16.2.2.2. Example 2: Non-Linear Soil
- •16.2.2.3. Example 3: Soil Properties Defined in 5 Layers
- •16.2.2.4. Example 4: Soil Properties Defined in 5 Layers with Mudslide
- •16.3. Performing a Soil-Pile Interaction Analysis
- •16.3.2. Mechanical APDL Component System Example
- •16.3.3. Static Structural Component System Example
- •16.4. Soil-Pile-Structure Results
- •16.5. References
- •Chapter 17: Coupling to External Aeroelastic Analysis of Wind Turbines
- •17.1. Sequential Coupled Wind Turbine Solution in Mechanical APDL
- •17.1.1. Procedure for a Sequentially Coupled Wind Turbine Analysis
- •17.1.2. Output from the OUTAERO Command
- •Chapter 18: Applying Ocean Loading from a Hydrodynamic Analysis
- •18.1. How Hydrodynamic Analysis Data Is Used
- •18.2. Hydrodynamic Load Transfer with Forward Speed
- •18.3. Hydrodynamic Data File Format
- •18.3.1. Comment (Optional)
- •18.3.2. General Model Data
- •18.3.3. Hydrodynamic Surface Geometry
- •18.3.4. Wave Periods
- •18.3.5. Wave Directions
- •18.3.6. Panel Pressures
- •18.3.7. Morison Element Hydrodynamic Definition
- •18.3.8. Morison Element Wave Kinematics Definition
- •18.3.9. RAO Definition
- •18.3.10. Mass Properties
- •18.4. Example Analysis Using Results from a Hydrodynamic Diffraction Analysis
- •Index
- •ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
- •ВВЕДЕНИЕ
- •1.1. Методология проектирования технологических объектов
- •1.2. Компьютерные технологии проектирования
- •1.3. Системы автоматизированного проектирования в технике
- •1.4. Системы инженерного анализа
- •2.2.1. Создание и сохранение чертежа
- •2.2.2. Изменение параметров чертежа
- •2.2.3. Заполнение основной надписи
- •2.2.4. Создание нового вида. Локальная система координат
- •2.2.5. Вычерчивание изображения прокладки
- •2.2.6. Простановка размеров
- •2.2.7. Ввод технических требований
- •2.2.8. Задание материала изделия
- •2.3. Сложные разрезы в чертеже детали «Основание»
- •2.3.1. Подготовка чертежа
- •Cохранить документ.
- •2.3.2. Черчение по сетке из вспомогательных линий
- •2.3.3. Изображение разрезов
- •2.4. Чертежи общего вида при проектировании
- •3.1. Интерфейс программы
- •3.2. Общее представление о трехмерном моделировании
- •3.3. Основные операции геометрического моделирования
- •3.3.1. Операция выдавливания
- •3.3.2. Операция вращения
- •3.3.3. Кинематическая операция
- •3.3.4. Построение тела по сечениям
- •3.4. Операции конструирования
- •3.4.1. Построение фасок и скруглений
- •3.4.2. Построение уклона
- •3.4.3. Сечение модели плоскостью
- •3.4.4. Сечение по эскизу
- •3.4.5. Создание моделей-сборок
- •3.5. Разработка электронных 3D-моделей тепловых устройств
- •3.5.1. Электронные модели в ЕСКД
- •3.5.2. Электронные «чертежи» в ЕСКД
- •3.5.4. Электронная модель сборочного изделия «Газовая горелка»
- •ГЛАВА 4. ИНЖЕНЕРНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ГАЗОДИНАМИКИ И ТЕПЛООБМЕНА В ANSYS CFX
- •4.1. Область применения ANSYS CFX
- •4.2. Особенности вычислительного процесса в ANSYS CFX
- •4.3. Программы, используемые при расчетах в ANSYS CFX
- •4.4. Организация процесса вычислений в среде пакета Workbench
- •4.4.1. Графический интерфейс пользователя
- •5.1. Постановка теплофизических задач в ANSYS Multiphysics
- •5.2. Решение задач в пакете ANSYS Multiphysics
- •5.2.1. Графический интерфейс пользователя
- •5.2.2. Этапы препроцессорной подготовки решения
- •5.2.3. Этап получения решения и постпроцессорной обработки результатов
- •5.3.5. Нестационарный теплообмен. Нагрев пластины в печи с жидким теплоносителем
- •5.4.1. Температурные напряжения при нагреве
- •БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
vk.com/club152685050R tating Structure Analysis | vk.com/id446425943
Step |
Description |
ANSYS Command(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
MODOPT,QR- |
|
|
DAMP,20 |
6. |
Define the angular rotation velocity and the number of modes |
OMEGA,… |
|
expanded. |
|
|
|
MXPAND,… |
5. |
Include the Coriolis effect in a rotating reference frame. |
CORIOLIS,ON |
7. |
Solve. |
SOLVE |
The non-zero complex frequencies should match the following:
With Coriolis |
Without Coriolis |
Effect Applied |
Effect Applied |
----------------------------------------------------------
0.0000000 |
2661.9384 |
2700.8924 |
j |
0.0000000 |
2740.4150 |
2700.8924 |
j |
0.0000000 |
3043.0948 |
3078.1392 |
j |
0.0000000 |
3113.5872 |
3078.1392 |
j |
0.0000000 |
6342.7190 |
6362.7716 |
j |
0.0000000 |
6365.8292 |
6362.7716 |
j |
0.0000000 |
6382.8876 |
6366.7082 |
j |
0.0000000 |
6593.8155 |
6626.0560 |
j |
0.0000000 |
6658.4573 |
6626.0560 |
j |
0.0000000 |
7183.0372 |
7216.0329 |
j |
8.7. Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis
Following is an example harmonic analysis with unbalance force. It illustrates the use of the SYNCHRO command and the following postprocessing capabilities:
•Orbits plotting (PLORB)
•Whirl animation (ANHARM)
8.7.1. Problem Description
The structure is a two-spool rotor on symmetric bearings. Both spools have two rigid disks. The inner spool rotates at up to 14,000 RPM and the outer spool rotates 1.5 times faster.
Disks are not visible in the plot because they are MASS21 elements.
|
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Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis |
8.7.2. Problem Specifications
The unbalance is located on the second disk of the inner spool and harmonic response is calculated. Outputs are as follows:
•Amplitude at nodes 7 and 12 as a function of the frequency
•Orbit plot at a given frequency
•Animation of the whirl at a given frequency
8.7.3. Input for the Analysis
Use this input file to perform the example unbalance harmonic analysis of rotating structure using a stationary reference frame.
/batch,list
/title, twin spools - unbalance (inner spool) response /PREP7
mp,EX ,1,2.1e+11 mp,DENS,1,7800 mp,PRXY,1,0.3
!shaft et,1,188,,,2
sectype,1,beam,csolid
secdata,0.01524,32
sectype,2,beam,ctube
secdata,0.0254,0.03048,32
!disks
et,2,21 r,3,10.51,10.51,10.51,8.59e-2,4.295e-2,4.295e-2 r,4,7.01 ,7.01 ,7.01 ,4.29e-2,2.145e-2,2.145e-2 r,5,3.5 ,3.5 ,3.5 ,2.71e-2,1.355e-2,1.355e-2 r,6,7.01 ,7.01 ,7.01 ,6.78e-2,3.390e-2,3.390e-2
!bearings et,3,214,,1
r,7 ,2.63e+7 ,2.63e+7
r,8 ,1.75e+7 ,1.75e+7
r,9 ,0.875e+7,0.875e+7 r,10,1.75e+7 ,1.75e+7
!nodes
n,1
n,2 ,0.0762
n,3 ,0.1524
n,4 ,0.2413
n,5 ,0.32385
n,6 ,0.4064
n,7 ,0.4572
n,8 ,0.508
n,9 ,0.1524
n,10,0.2032
n,11,0.2794
n,12,0.3556
n,13,0.4064
!bearings second nodes n,101, ,0.05 n,108,0.508 ,0.05 n,109,0.1524,0.05
!components elements type,1
secn,1
e,1,2
egen,7,1,1
type,2
real,3
e,2
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real,6
e,7
cm,inSpool,elem
type,1
secn,2
e,9,10
egen,4,1,10
type,2
real,4
e,10
real,5
e,12
esel,u,,,inSpool
cm,outSpool,elem allsel
!bearings type,3 real,7 e,1,101 real,8 e,9,109 real,9 e,6,13 real,10 e,8,108
!boundary conditions d,all,ux,,,,,rotx d,101,all
d,108,all
d,109,all
!unbalance forces (eccentric mass * radius) f0 = 70e-6
f,7,fy,f0 f,7,fz,,-f0 fini
/SOLU
antype,harmic
synchro,,inSpool
nsubst,500
harfrq,,14000/60 ! implicitly defines OMEGA for Coriolis calculation kbc,1
dmpstr,0.01
cmomega,inSpool,100.
cmomega,outSpool,150.
coriolis,on,,,on solve
fini
!output: amplitude at nodes 7 and 12 as a function of the frequency /POST26
nsol,2,7,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,7,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2 prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2 add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2 sqrt,9,8,,,AMPL7
nsol,2,12,U,Y,UY
nsol,3,12,U,Z,UZ
realvar,4,2,,,UYR
realvar,5,3,,,UZR prod,6,4,4,,UYR_2 prod,7,5,5,,UZR_2 add,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2 sqrt,10,8,,,AMPL12
/gropt,logy,1 /yrange,1.e-7,1.e-3 plvar,9,10
fini
!output: orbit plot at the given frequency
|
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Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis |
/POST1
set,1,262
/view,,1,1,1 plorb
! output: animation of the whirl at the given frequency SET,1,500
!reset for subsequent post processing /eshape,1
/gline,,-1 plnsol,u,sum anharm
8.7.4. Analysis Steps
The following table describes the input listing and the general process involved in the example analysis in more detail.
Step |
Description |
ANSYS Command(s) |
|
|
|
1. |
Define material properties. |
MP,EX,1,2.1e+11 |
|
|
MP,DENS,1,7800 |
|
|
MP,PRXY,1,0.3 |
2. |
Define element types, sections, real and nodes. |
ET,… |
|
|
SECTYPE,… |
|
|
SECDATA,… |
|
|
R,… |
|
|
N,… |
3. |
Define first component named inSpool. |
TYPE,1 |
|
|
SECNUM,1 |
|
|
E,1,2 |
|
|
EGEN,7,1,1 |
|
|
TYPE,2 |
|
|
REAL,3 |
|
|
E,2 |
|
|
REAL,6 |
|
|
E,7 |
|
|
CM,inSpool,ELEM |
4. |
Define second component named outSpool. |
TYPE,1 |
|
|
SECNUM,2 |
|
|
E,9,10 |
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Step |
Description |
ANSYS Command(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
EGEN,4,1,10 |
|
|
|
TYPE,2 |
|
|
|
REAL,4 |
|
|
|
E,10 |
|
|
|
REAL,5 |
|
|
|
E,12 |
|
|
|
ESEL,u,,,inSpool |
|
|
|
CM,outSpool,ELEM |
|
|
|
ALLSEL |
6. |
Define bearing elements. |
TYPE,3 |
|
|
|
|
REAL,7 |
|
|
|
E,1,101 |
|
|
|
REAL,8 |
|
|
|
E,9,109 |
|
|
|
REAL,9 |
|
|
|
E,6,13 |
|
|
|
REAL,10 |
|
|
|
E,8,108 |
5. |
Set boundary conditions. |
D,... |
|
7. |
Define the unbalance forces (eccentric mass * radius) |
f0 = 70e-6 |
|
|
at node 7. |
|
|
|
|
|
F,7,FY,f0 |
|
|
|
F,7,FZ,,-f0 |
8. |
Set the solution options. |
ANTYPE,HARMIC |
|
|
• |
Harmonic analysis |
SYNCHRO,,inSpool |
|
• |
Unbalance on component inSpool |
NSUBST,500 |
|
• |
500 substeps |
HARFRQ,,14000/60 |
|
• Frequency at end of range is 14000/60 Hz |
KBC,1 |
|
|
• |
Step loading |
DMPSTR,0.01 |
|
• Damping ratio is 1% |
CMOMEGA,inSpool,100. |
|
|
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Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis |
Step |
Description |
ANSYS Command(s) |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
• Rotational velocity of component inSpool |
CMOMEGA,out- |
||
|
• Rotational velocity of component outSpool |
Spool,150. |
||
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
CORIOLIS,ON,,,ON |
|
• Coriolis force in stationary reference frame |
|
||
|
|
|
|
SOLVE |
Note
The rotational velocities (CMOMEGA) are not applied in the usual way. Rather, ANSYS considers only their direction cosines and the velocity ratio between spools. For more information, see the documentation for the SYNCHRO command.
9.First output (in POST26).
•The maximum amplitude of the displacement of nodes 7 (AMPL7) is calculated in variable 9.
•The maximum amplitude of the displacement of nodes 12 (AMPL12) is calculated in variable 10.
•Set logY scale.
•Set a specific scale range in Y.
•Plot variables 9 and 10.
/POST26
NSOL,2,7,U,Y,UY
NSOL,3,7,U,Z,UZ
REALVAR,4,2,,,UYR
REALVAR,5,3,,,UZR
PROD,6,4,4,,UYR_2
PROD,7,5,5,,UZR_2
ADD,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
SQRT,9,8,,,AMPL7
!
NSOL,2,12,U,Y,UY
NSOL,3,12,U,Z,UZ
REALVAR,4,2,,,UYR
REALVAR,5,3,,,UZR
PROD,6,4,4,,UYR_2
PROD,7,5,5,,UZR_2
ADD,8,6,7,,UYR_2+UZR_2
SQRT,10,8,,,AMPL12
!
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Step |
Description |
ANSYS Command(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
/GROPT,LOGY,1 |
|
|
/YRANGE,1.e-7,1.e-3 |
|
|
PLVAR,9,10 |
10. |
Second output (in POST1). |
/POST1 |
|
• Read load step 1 and substep 262 from results file. |
SET,1,262 |
|
• Change the view. |
/VIEW,,1,1,1 |
|
• Plot the orbits at each rotating node. |
PLORB |
11. |
Third output. |
/ESHAPE,1 |
|
• Display takes dimensions into account. |
/GLINE,,-1 |
|
• No element outline. |
PLNSOL,U,SUM |
|
• Display the displacements as contours. |
ANHARM |
|
• Animate the displays (defined by the last set command |
|
|
and last display command). |
|
The outputs of your analysis should match those shown here:
You can obtain the two critical frequencies (at which the amplitudes are largest) via PRCAMP with SLOPE = 1.0.
|
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Example Unbalance Harmonic Analysis |
Orbits are represented in different colors. Orbits from the inner spool appear in sky blue, and from the outer spool in purple. Spool lines appear in dark blue.
The following demo is presented as an animated GIF. Please view online if you are reading the PDF version of the help. Interface names and other components shown in the demo may differ from those in the released product.
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The animation of the whirls shown here is the third output resulting from the example harmonic analysis with unbalance.
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