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  1. Kypshaks in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Khypchaks’ historic role was identified from the early times. At the beginning of the II millennium A.D. all ethno-political traditions in the regions of Kazakhstan first depended on the unions of Khypchakh tribes. After the weakening of the Oghyz state, the Khypchakhs forced gradually Oghyz tribes back from the Caspian coast and bent in their will to the rest of them.

The farming of Kazakhstan Khypchakhs was preceded by nomadic cattle breeding of other inhabitants of that regoin – the Saks, the Ghuns, the Turks, the Tyrgeshs, the Kharlyks and the Oghyzes. It was found out that their customs and traditions were connected. The plough-lands of the Khypchakhs were mainly in the valleys of Syr Darya, Sarysu, and Yesyl rivers. Fishing and animal hunting were carried out along with agricultural work.

The Khypchakhs played a crucial role in internal and external policy of such states as Byzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom, Yedyl Bulgaria and Hungary.

Information about outer political relations of Kazakhstan Khypchacks in the XI and at the beginning of XIII centures is found in several manuscripts. Geographical scope of those relations is so wide. The Kypchaks were rules of various regions of Central Asia, for example in Khorezmshax state. They played a crucial in internal and external gactors of policy of such states as Vyzantium, Russia, Georgia, Salzhyk kingdom. Chinese manuscripts were the evidence of close connection of Kazakhstan Kypchaks with the people an civilization of Central Asia an Far East.

  1. Nayman and Kerey Uluses (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Naymans and Kereyts played a significant role in ethno-genetic processes,carried out on the territory of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the II millennium. Basically, they occupied themselves with cattle-breeding and hunting. They made felts, wooden bones and bands of house as well as every day instruments and arms.

The Ulys leaders consisted of not only the ones, who came from relatives and khan families , but also from the representatives of other clans. Each Ulys located on certain regions and a khan – a representative of a khan family , ruled it. A leader set his own ruling apparatus forming armed forces and the authorities at khan’s kingdom. Khan’s kingdom played a role of its government and managed khan’s property. Leaders, especially leaders of large Ulyses had winter and summer zhailaus. People with a special status were ingaged in the work, particularly in tax collecting.

In 1206 Kushluk, khan of the Naymans, together with his subordinators, was moved out from Altai to Zhetisu under the pressure of Shyngys khan’s army. Another large part oh the NAymans and the Kereyts stayed in Eastern Kazakhstan.

At the beginning of the XIII century Kharakytai leader, being in trouble, addressed to Kushlyk khan for help , who had just reached Zhetysu, in order to stop the riot of his subordinated vassals. Taking the chance, Kushlyk khan and other his allies threw Kharakytai leader away of power , and arrested him in autumn of 1211. Consequently, Kushlyk, a leader of the Naymans, acquired a control over Zhetisu.

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