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    1. The history of Kazakh “Soviet nationhood” (as an autonous and Soviet Socialist republic).

Resolution of this question was the central theme at the all-Kirgiz congress held in Orenburg July 21-28,1917. At this meeting both Mir Yakub Dulatov and Ahmed Baitursunov called for the creation of an independent and autono­mous Kazakh state. Ali Khan Bukeikhanov spoke in favor of what became the majority position for Kazakh national territorial autonomy in a democratic, federative, and parliamentary Russian republic. The congress organized itself as a Kazakh national party. The meeting passed a series of resolutions that were to serve as the party program.

They advocated their commitment to the ideals of the Provisional Government, which were that Kirgizia should be an autonomous republic within a Russian federative parliamentary republic.

These items were discussed at the second congress that met in Orenburg December 5-13, 1917. The congress delegates shared a concern that the absence of government was permitting a daily rise in anarchy in the cities and towns of the steppe, thereby threatening the safety of the Kazakh-Kirgiz. They believed that this could only be remedied by the creation of a government that had moral authority and popular support. They maintained that only a Kazakh-dominated government would gain this mass approval and unanimously resolved to create a Kazakh-Kirgiz autonomous region, to be called Alash, which would own all land, water, and underground mineral rights in the oblast.

The executive body of this oblast was to be a provisional peoples' soviet, to be called Alash Orda, which was to consist of 25 members, 10 of whom would be Russian or other non-Kazakh nationalities. This membership would ensure minority rights within the oblast, including cultural autonomy and legal extraterritoriality. The Alash Orda was empowered to form a militia to collect taxes, contract loans, conduct negotiations with neighboring autonomous groups, draft a constitution, and supervise local elections of representatives to attend the constituent assembly.

All assembled agreed that the Kazakh autonomous oblast should be com­posed of the former steppe territory.

By late February 1918 the Alash Orda was the effective responsible authority for the Kazakh populations of Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Akmolinsk, and Turgai. An active Alash Orda organization also existed in Semirech'e, chaired by Muhammad Tynyshpaev.

The Alash Orda had immediately rejected the Bolshevik takeover as a violation of the principles of parliamentary rule to which they had committed their existence.

Kazakh ASSR existed from April 1925 to December 1936. In December 1936 received the status of a Union Republic, and was removed from the RSFSR. In February 1925 Orenburg region was removed from the Kirgiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and transferred to the RSFSR, and the capital was moved to the Kyzyl-Orda, and then to Alma-Ata (1927). December 5, 1936 Kazakh ASSR was given the status of a Union Republic with the name of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.

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