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70) The policy of “Reoganizatin/Perestroika” in Kazakhstan (1985-1991): the main stages and their characteristies

Reorganization means accelerated economic and social development of country. It was initiated by Gorbachev M.S. in April, 1985.

It had 3 main stages:

1) in April 1985

a) announcement of accelerated delopment of economic and social delopment.

b) raising of company against alchocholism and act of earning money without labour(business).

2) 27th meeting of Central Commitee:

a) was announced new style of political development

b) raised the question about moral appereance of Commitee's members.

3) In January of 1987 was made a step due to reorganization and democratization of community.

Its characteristics might be explained as reorganization initiated extensive development instead

of benefical intensive development. Government officials did their work just to reach the numeric

results in order to show them to government. That is why, it had a negative effect on entire development of

country's economy.

71. The disintegration of ussr: the causes and consequences. The formation of cis.

The four principal elements of the old Soviet system were the hierarchy of soviets, ethnic federalism, state socialism, and Communist Party dominance. Gorbachev's programs of perestroika and glasnost produced radical unforeseen effects that brought that system down. As a means of reviving the Soviet state, Gorbachev repeatedly attempted to build a coalition of political leaders supportive of reform and created new arenas and bases of power. He implemented these measures because he wanted to resolve serious economic problems and political inertia that clearly threatened to put the Soviet Union into a state of long−term stagnation(застой).

But by using structural reforms to widen opportunities for leaders and popular movements in the union republics to gain influence, Gorbachev also made it possible for nationalist, orthodox communist, and populist forces to oppose his attempts to liberalize and revitalize Soviet communism. Although some of the new movements aspired to replace the Soviet system altogether with a liberal democratic one, others demanded independence for the national republics. Still others insisted on the restoration of the old Soviet ways. Ultimately, Gorbachev could not forge a compromise among these forces and the consequence was the collapse of the Soviet Union.

On December 8, 1991, the leaders of three Slavic states, met in Minsk and announced the treaty of 1922 about formation of the USSR to lose its validity . On the same day they declared about the formation of the CIS.

After 5 day, there was meeting of the heads of the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan in Ashgabat on 13 December 1991. They expressed their full approval for the decision of three Slavic states in Byelorussia.

Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to affect the dissolution of the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only five of the Soviet Republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of all member republics except Georgia signed the Almaty Protocol, in which they confirmed the dissolution of the Union. That same day, all former-Soviet republics agreed to join the CIS, with the exception of the three Baltic States. The documents signed at Almaty also addressed several issues raised by the Union's extinction. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the role of the USSR in the United Nations, which meant inheriting its permanent membership on the Security Council.

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