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68) The epoch of Enlightenment in Kazakhstan. Ibrahim Altynsarin the great teacher of humanity.

“By the beginning of the 20 th century there were a large number of Kazakh intellectuals who had been educated in Muslim schools in the steppe where training had been limited to memorizing Koran ayats. At that time there were only several Russian and Russian Kazakh schools on Kazakhstan's territory, in which 19,370 Kazakh children were studying. Both groups believed that the improvement of the Kazakh economy was a necessary first step for any subsequent policy changes in the steppe.

Many biis and tribal elders sent their children to these schools for a few years to learn Russian. Many of these graduates of the state schools (the Russian-Kazakh aul and volost schools) then went on to gymnasiums in Orenburg, Omsk, or Semipalatinsk. These individuals formed a new secular elite.

Several of the individuals educated in these schools came to prominence within the steppe, and three in particular—Chokan Valikhanov (1835-1865), Ibrahim Altynsarin (Ibirai Altinsarin, 1841-1889), and Abai Kunanbaev (Abai Konanbai uli, 1845-1904)—have been elevated to the stature of national heroes.

Altynsaryn, the son of a Kazakh judge, completed his secondary education in Orenburg. Altynsaryn laid the foundations of the first Kazakh secular school system, organized the first Kazakh-Russian district school in Turgai in 1867, and ultimately rose to the position of inspector of schools for the Turgai oblast. He believed that only through education could the Kazakhs assume equality with the Russians in the steppe, and he saw survival as adaptation to the realities of Russian rule. Not a devout Muslim himself, Altynsaryn believed that the Kazakhs must concentrate on secular education and the acquisition of technical skills. He was the author of the first Kazakh grammar and the first Kazakh-Russian dictionary. He too believed that Kazakh nomadism belonged to the past and that the Kazakhs should learn from the Russians how to combine agriculture and livestock breeding.

69) Kazakhstan the new nation in the system of International relatins. (membership in uno)

Kazakhstan appeared in world's diplomatic scene as new country with huge natural resources and

great intension to fix foreign policy of multiple directions thus would consequently ensure acceptance

of international guarantee of Kazakhstan's sovereignty and independance. After declaration of independance,

Kazakhstan was recognized by over than 120 countries and had a good diplomatic relationship with them.

On 3rd of March, 1992 Kazakhstan became a full member of United Nation's Organization and its structures. Some

examples of cooperation with authoritative international structures are: European Community, International and

European Bank of Development and Reconstruction, International Moneraty Fund, MAGATE, Red Cross, UNISEF,

UNESCO and others. Also Kazakhstan is the member of OSCE and Shanghai Cooperation Organization which shows its high value to the economy of other countries.

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