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    1. The personality of Tauke Khan and his code Jhety Jharga

About 1680 Tauke nicknamed Wise became the khan of Kazakhs. At it struggle against Dzungaria and the Central Asian khanates proceeded.

In 1681 джунгарский the Galdan-boshoktu-khan has plundered many cities, and has besieged to Sauries. In 1684 to Sauries was it it is taken, and джунгары have moved deep into the country many skilful handicraftsmen and masters.

In 1687 джунгары have made новыйвоенный a campaign against Kazakhs, having plundered much кочевий and have besieged Turkestan, to take which it was not possible.

Next year Kazakhs under command of the Tauke-khan have made a reciprocal attack and have inflicted a crushing defeat defeat ойратам.

However in 1698 with coming to power in Dzungaria Tsevan-Rabdana the initiative completely comes over to the side джунгаров and the Dzhungarsky khanate becomes the main threat for independence of Kazakhstan. Wars followed one another, the largest were in 1709, 1711-112, 1714, 1718 Dzhungarsky threat has essentially accelerated occurrence Kazakhstan in structure of Russia, but having lost a number кочевий Kazakhs after a while in more favorable conditions have managed to return lost earlier кочевья.

With the Tauke-khan connect creation of the code of laws «Zhety жаргы» containing norms administrative, criminal and civil law. Жеты жаргы during long time was the basic certificate of legal regulation of political relations in the Kazakh society.

Khan Tauke has died in 1718 With his death the uniform Kazakh state was divided into some parts, in each of which there was a khan.

  1. The epoch of Enlightenment in Kazakhstan. Abai Kunanbaev (1845-1904). – the great figure of Kazakh Enlightenment

Education in Kazakh land combined two types: religious in madrasas and civil in Russian schools. As for education and knowledge acquisiting it is worthy to mention Jadidism.

In the 1860s Kazakh had become a literary language based on spoken Kazakh with Arabic and Tatar influences.

Alash published 22 numbers between November 26.1916 and May 25.1917.

Aikap first appeared in 1911 and ceased publication in 1915, issuing 88 numbers in all.

Kazah printed it first issue in 1913 and its last in 1918.

In this period it was flourishing moment for Kazakh intelligentsia. We had great and bright minds such as ALtynsarin, Abai, Baitursynov, Dulatov, Jumabaev, Ualikhanov etc.

Abai (Ibrahim) Kunanbayev (29 July (10 August) 1845, Semipalatinsk region, Kazakhstan - June 23 (July 6), 1904) - Kazakh poet, writer, social activist, composer and founder of modern Kazakh written literature, and its first classic , reformer of culture in the spirit of rapprochement with the Russian and European culture on the basis of enlightened liberal Islam. Abai Kunanbaev is without question the best known of the group. Abai was the son of Kunanbai, the leader of the Tobikty tribal confederation of the Middle Horde. After graduation from the district school in Karkaralinsk and primary education in a local Quran school, Abai began to criticize the traditional Kazakh way of life in the lyric poems he composed, these poems became widely recited in the steppe. Although he published several volumes of poetry, Abais ideas are probably most clearly expressed in a book of essays called Edifications most of these essays were written during the 1890s when the Russians were beginning to seize large amounts of land and thousands of European settlers were moving into the steppe. Abai could offer no real solutions for the Kazakhs' economic woes, but he encouraged them to accept the reality of the situation and to gain the technical skills necessary to adjust, to become farmers and cattlemen rather than wandering livestock breeders.

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