7. Turgeshes and Kharlukhs in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Tyrgesh khanate was formed having Talas and Suyab as the capital cities. At the beginning of VII century Kagan Ushlik brings its stake in Suyab and divide the whole territory of Kaganate in 20 areas - «tutuk». In each area, there were up to 7 thousand farms. Large rate Kagan was in Suyab and small - in the city Kungute valleys of the Ili River. Ushlik conclude an alliance with China and Soghd and twice defeated Arabs under Paikend and Bukhara. Only factions between turgeshes and Soghdies allowed the Arabs to retreat and avoid a complete rout. However, this success was brief. In 708, in Turgeshs Khanate internecine war had started, which enabled the Arabs to resume the offensive in the Central Asia and in 711 captured Samarkand. In 713 the Arabs captured the city of Khujand, Ferghana, and tried to get hold of Tashkent, and in 715 was to penetrate into East Turkestan. However, Arabic expansion was again halted turgeshes that in the same 715y. cleared from the occupants Ferghana, and in 717 was kagan Suluk managed to regain its former strength Kaganate. In 724 of turgeshi supported a rebellion in Soghd and started a guerrilla war against the Arabs. However, in 737 peace with China had been violated, and Suluk had to wage war on two fronts. In 738 of the leader Sarah-turgeshey Baga-Tarkhan killed Suluk and tried to seize power. Using intestine war between turgeshes, the Arabs managed to complete the conquest of Soghd, crush resistance of Samarkand, Tashkent and Otrar and 738 of the firm to set its border with turgeshes. Resumed the Chinese offensive, which in 748 destroyed Suyab. Two army: Arabic and Chinese, met at 751 in a river Talas. Battle lasted five days and ended with the victory of the Arabs. The Chinese were expelled from Zhetysu, but the Arabs were forced to retreat because of the frequent rebellions in conquered Soghd. In 759 of the power in Zhetysu turned to other Turkic tribe - Karluks.

KARLUK KHANATE – was established in 766 over all the Turgesh lands except western Kasakhstan, whose tribesmen allied themselves with the Oguz state (in what is now Turkmenistan). At its origin the Karluk state went from Kashgaria to the middle course of the Syr Darya. It continued to expand, so that by the tenth century it also encompassed the area between lakes Issyk-Kul and Balkhash as well as the Ili, Chu and Talas river valleys. Under the Karluks the first large cities were built in the steppe, including Taraz, Isfijab (renamed Sairam), and Farab (renamed Otrar). In 940 the Karluks lost a dynastic struggle to the Karakhanid family, who ruled the steppe for another two hundred years.

8. Oghuz state in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

The Oghyz state founded in the IX-X centuries in the middle and lower parts of Syr darya and adjoining lands of Western Kazakhstan closely connected with the territory of Kazakhstan. Capital was Yangikent lying at the crossroads of important caravan routes. The formation of Oghyz ethnic community was a difficult and long process. At the beginning Oghyz community was established in Zhetysu; however, moving to the west it expanded including the nomad population of Western Kazakhstan.

After the continuous battles in the IX century Oghyz leaders joined Khazar khanate and defeated the Pecheneks of ancient Turkic tribes, which inhabited the surroundings of Aral and steppes of Western Kazakhstan, and took the hegemony.

Oghyz state was an ethno-feudal society from early times. Governing institutes, developed from military-democratic structure, were preserved there, and military-tribal council of aristocrats limited the zhabgu (king) power. Oguz Head of State was the supreme ruler, whom had title «dzhabgu». Leader Oguz troops wore the title of «syubashi». In a state composed of tribes iarluki, Karluks, simurs, haladns, dnagars and others. The initial kernel of Oguz group formed in Zhetysu, but in the process of movement to the west, it has been supplemented by the nomadic and half-settled population of southern and western Kazakhstan. The most compact, they lived in the Aral Sea region in the North Caspian region, in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Ethnic composition Oguz state was checkered, it was composed of many Iranian and Turkic-speaking tribes. Beginning of their power were 90-s IX century. They then destroyed nomadic Pechenegs lived in the Aral and Caspian region. This struggle between Pechenigs and Oguzes lasted more than a hundred years. Under pressure of Oguzes and their allies the Khazar Kaganate, Pechenegs moved on the Black Sea, where in the X century shook their incursions Kiev Rus and Byzantium. When in 965y. together with the Kievan prince Svyatoslav, defeated Khazar Kaganat - Turkish State, which took top Jewish religion and that a few centuries successfully confront the Arabs and Byzantium, Kievan Rus and Oguz Power. In 985y. Oguz dzhabgu together with the Russians inflicted a major defeat to the princes of the Volgas Bulgaria. Shahmelik at 1041y. conquered Khorezm. But at 1043y. Shahmelik fell into the hands of his enemies and was executed. In the XI century Oguzes state fell into decay, strife began, excitement, increased external pressure Seljuks. In the middle of XI century. Oguz Power finally fell under the onslaught of Qypchaq tribes.