87. The creation of AlashOrda government. The first experience of nationhood as an autonomous republic.

AlashOrda is the autonomous Kazakh government established by the liberal-nationalist Alash party in December 1917. Alash was the mythical ancestor of the Kazakhs, and AlashOrda (Horde of Alash) long served as their traditional battle cry. His name was adopted by the Kazakh nationalist journal, Alash, that was published by secularist Kazakh intellectuals for twenty-two issues, from November 26, 1916, to May 25, 1917. AlashOrda then was taken as the name of a political party founded in March 1917 by a group of moderate, upper-class Kazakh nationalists. Among others, they included Ali Khan Bukeykhanov, Ahmed Baytursun, Mir Yakub Dulatov, Oldes Omerov, Magzhan Zhumabayev, H. Dosmohammedov, MohammedzhanTynyshbayev, and Abdul Hamid Zhuzhdybayev. Initially, the party's program resembled that of the Russian Constitutional-Democrats (Kadets), but with a strong admixture of Russian Menshevik (Social Democrat) and Socialist-Revolutionary (SR) ideas. Despite later Soviet charges, it was relatively progressive on social issues and demanded the creation of an autonomous Kazakh region. This program was propagated in the newspaper Qazaq (Kazakh ), published in Orenburg. The paper had a circulation of about eight thousand until it was closed by the Communists in March 1918.

After March 1917, AlashOrda's leaders dominated Kazakh politics. They convened a Second All-Kirgiz (Kazakh) Congress in Orenburg from December 18 through December 26, 1917. On December 23, this congress proclaimed the autonomy of the Kazakh steppes under two AlashOrda governments. One, centered at the village of Zhambeitu and encompassing the western region, was headed by Dosmohammedov. The second, headed by Ali Khan Bukeykhanov, governed the eastern region from Semipalatinsk. Both began as strongly anti-Communist and supported the anti-Soviet forces that were rallying around the Russian Constituent Assembly (Komuch): the Orenburg Cossacks and the Bashkirs of ZekiVelidiTogan. In time, however, the harsh minority policies of Siberia's White Russian leader, Admiral Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak, alienated the Kazakh leaders. AlashOrda's leaders then sought to achieve their goals by an alignment with Moscow. Accepting Mikhail Vasilievich Frunze's November 1919 promise of amnesty, most Kazakh leaders recognized Soviet power on December 10, 1919. After further negotiations, the Kirgiz Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) formally abolished AlashOrda's institutional network in March 1920. Many Alash leaders then joined the Communist Party and worked for Soviet Kazakhstan, only to perish during Stalin's purges of the 1930s. After 1990 the name "Alash" reappeared, but as the title of a small Kazakh pan-Turkic and Pan-Islamic party and its journal.

88. The famine of 1932-1933 years in Kazakhstan.

Famine in Kazakhstan, 1932-33 - part of the USSR's famine of 1932-33, caused by collectivization, increased the central authorities plan procurement of food, as well as the confiscation of cattle at the Kazakhs. Kazakhstan also agreed to call this hunger "goloschekinskim. Goloshchekin held in the Kazakh region of so-called "Little October. As a result of these measures people took away livestock, property and under the escort policemen were sent to the "point of subsidence. Cattle, requisition for the needs of the collective farms, were killed as it was impossible to feed the collected one point a large number of cattle. By 1933, from 40 million head of cattle has remained about one-tenth. From these actions primarily affected by the Kazakhs, as cattle were the only source of livelihood kazahov.V result, during 1931-1933 gg. died from 1 (Robert Conquest's estimate) to 2 (score Abylhozheva, Kazynbaeva and Tatimova, 1989) million. Died and left the Kazakh ASSR 40% of the indigenous population. Thus, according to the general population census of Russia Empire in 1897 [3], the number of people owning a Kyrgyz-Kaisak language, there were 4 084 139 people. For comparison, the speakers of Sart and Uzbek languages, which later became the Uzbeks had no more than 2 million people (excluding the population of the Khanate of Khiva and Bukhara emirate whose population was approx. 3 million) [4] (present-day population of Uzbeks in Central Asianregion is more than 25 million people). Part of Kazakhs were forced to migrate to China, Mongolia, Iraq and Afghanistan. According to some sources the number of Kazakhs who have committed such forced migration is estimated at more than 1 million people [5]. The number of Kazakhs to Kazakhstan cent of the country declined by half. Kazakhs only in 1970 regained their strength at the level of 1926 [6]. Prior to starvation in Kazakhstan in 1932-1933-ies in Kazakhstan is ethnically dominated by the Kazakhs, but only in 80-ies of XX-th century they had reached the proportions of 50% in relation to other ethnic groups in Kazakhstan. From action Goloshekin affected and other ethnic groups living in Kazakhstan: Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, etc. According to some reports, about 200 thousand people have died of non-indigenous policies Goloshekin. In their places, in the period 1942-44, GG moved exiles and deported peoples: the Ingush, Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Koreans, Balkars, Kurds, Turks, Karachay, Germans [7]. Also, the population of Kazakhstan was replenished prisoners of the Gulag, Karlag, Algeria and so on, some of whom were later to live in Kazakhstan.  According to AN Alekseenko [8] "... taking into account all the possible amendment of the Kazakh population losses amounted to 1840 thousand people or 47,3% of the size of the ethnic group in 1930. Most of all Kazakhs suffered the east of the country. The loss amounted to 379.4 thousand people here or 64, 5% of the size of the ethnic group in 1930. In this region there was the most significant migration, especially in border areas of Russia and China. More than half of the representatives of the ethnic group have been lost in northern Kazakhstan - 410,1 thousand people or 52,3%. West Kazakhstan lost 394.7 thousand or 45.0% of Kazakh ethnos, Southern - 632,7 thousand, or 42.9%. The smallest loss was in the Central Kazakhstan - 22,5 thousand people or 15,6% ethnic group in the region. " The demographic consequences of famine in Kazakhstan early 30-ies (assessment of loss of the Kazakh ethnic group) [9]  The status of famine aggravated by cruel suppression by the Red Army, any attempt to avoid the confiscation of all predatory animals, which was the sole source of sustenance and survival. When some auly and genera (tribe) began to migrate in an attempt to save their livestock, then their troops were sent to intercept the Red Army to arrest and destruction of allegedly "Bassmachi gang. In fact, they were ordinary civilians who were attempting to escape from famine in neighboring China, or wishing to leave the territory of the RSFSR, where hunger was not there. Attempts to stop the relocation to China has been and border guards trying to stop their machine-gun fire. But, nevertheless, hundreds of thousands of whole villages of Kazakhs were able to escape from hunger in China.

Kazakh Holodomor (the people got its name - ашаршылық) documented in the book and VF Mikhailov's "Chronicle of the great jute