5. Usuns in the history of Kazakhstan (location, economy, social organization, political history).

Political structure of usuns. At the end of the first millennium BC in the Zhetysu, state placed on Tien Shan and Tarbagatay is known from Chinese sources, as the “Usuns Country”. Usuns originally lived in the area of the river Danhe, but in III. BC were forced to move on Mongolia, and after a series of defeats inflicted on them by hunnu in Semirechje and Dzhungariyu. Here usuni, recognizing the dependence of the Huns, was founded in 177 BC own state. In 53 BC Usun has broken into two parts. At the head of state was the governor, which had the title kunbek - "a great governor" passed the throne to inherit. Since 53 BC, when the state was divided, there were appeared independent from each other rulers: great kunbek and small kunbek. Here were two great military leader and ruler of the three parts, called princes.

Since the beginning of creation, usuns state was dependent on hunnu, but quickly managed to be free and became one of the strongest states of the region. Hunnu beginning in the 80-m BC raids on the eastern borders of the state, but after a long struggle suffer defeat against the combined forces of usuns and China. After that Zhetysu connection with the Celestial Empire further strengthened. Further history of usuns full of internecine wars. However, after the collapse of the empire north usuney Hunnu relationship with her deteriorated. This led to a rapprochement with China usuney, in alliance with that in 36 BC was carried out campaign against the northern hunnu. In the 30-ies of the relationship between great and small kunbeks again worsened. Both ownership virtually lost autonomy and de facto ruled by the Chinese governors. In the II century AD usuns power permanently isolated from China. Frequent raids of Zhuzhans forced Usun tribes to move from Zhetysu plains, to the Tien Shan. At the beginning of V century usuns name finally gone from the pages of historical chronicles. It remains to add that ethnonym "usun" survived for this day. One of the Kazakhs families of the Senior Zhuz called “uysun”.

Ancient usuns in Zhetysu breeded different kinds of animals. There were developed horse breeding. Along with developing pastoral farming. The existence of private land tenure is a confirmation in written sources.

6. Turks in the history of Eurasia. Turkic and Western Turkic Khanates (politic and social history, economy).

Ancient Turkic Empire covered the territory from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea. At that period the ethnic environment began to change – Turkic-speaking tribes became powerful. The centre of the formation of Turkic culture was Altai. The term ‘Turk’ appeared in manuscripts in the second part of the VI century.

In 552y a new ‘character’ – Turkic Khanate – came to the social stage of Central Asia. It was found by Bumyn kagan. Turkic khanate changed to a predominant force of Central Asia in the time of the ruler Mukhan-khagan (553-572). It turned into a large state of the Medieval Times in a short period. Reaching its prosperity the state occupied the vast expanses of the region – Mongolia, along the Baikal, particularly the upper current of Yenisey and the upper current of Amu Darya in the south.

However, it’s not easy for a state to retain the vast territory. The circumstances in Turkic khanate, such as the complication of political controversies, squabbles within many years, a severe famine, the Chinese plunge into the khanate frontier resulted in the division of all Turkic khanate into two independent East and West khanates in 603. The centre of the latter was Suyab (Zhetysu) and the summer residence of Minbulak. The first person in the Western Turks was Kagan - overlord, ruler of the army. Kagans power transmitted by inheritance, he led all internal and foreign affairs, was manager of all lands. There marital slavery. The bulk of the population consisted of free common-pastoralists. In 630-634 years Kaganat lost their ownership Central to the west of the Syr Darya, the State entered into a crisis whose primary cause was pressure from the exterior and the struggle for power of tribal alliances.

Hostility in the Western Turkic khanate, a war ruse of the Chinese Emperor, who tried to build up hegemony in Zhetysu, had an effect on the weakening and becoming unnoticeable khanate. A new power – Tyrgeshes appeared in the khanate.