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      1. The impact of Russian revolution of 1905

During these decades straddling the turn of the century, the Kazakhs increasingly thought and acted as a homogeneous community. This was partly because of the Russian policy of secular education, which led to the development of a self-aware Kazakh elite. Of course, there were divisions within the Kazakh community between the secular nationalists and those Kazakhs who maintained a strongly Islamic worldview, but most Kazakhs felt that such rifts should be bridged when presented to the outside world, particularly before Russian audiences in St. Petersburg, where the Kazakhs argued their case in the newly created State Duma.

Creation of the State Duma gave the Kazakhs additional occasions to voice their indignation, both in election meetings and when they petitioned the new representatives.

    1. The national-liberating revolt of 1916 year (the causes, peculiarities, main centers)

In 1916 Tsar signs a decree which required people of Turkistan and Steppe to be recruited for war infrastructure works such as digging trenches. It was estimated that overall 400 000 people have to recruited. Definitely such step was reason of growing dissatisfaction of local towards Tsarist rule. Dissatisfaction was expressed through different uprisings such as in Torgai (A. Imanov, A. Jangeldin), Oral (S. Mendeshev), Mangistau (Aitiev), Jetisu (Tokash Bokin, T. Ryskulov). The uprising covered almost all Kazakh territory. The increase of uprisings shows us that Tsarist rule was weakening and shaking. The storm was coming.

    1. The February bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1917 in Russia and its influence on Kazakhstan

In February 1917 Tsar was overthrown by bourgeoisie and workers. The Provisional government consisting of bourgeoisie and workers was established as result of February Revolution. The party had its program. The program was touching issues of 1) Russia has to be democratic Federation; 2) Kazakh autonomy has to be created within Russian Federation; 3) Equality of rights among citizens of Russian Federation; 4) secularism; 5) Judicial power ; 6) Law enforcement and military field; 7) taxes have to be per income; 8) status of workers; 9) Education and science; 10) Land. A. Bokeihanov was elected as first chairman of the Party. However Alash had no long life. It was smashed once Bolsheviks got power. Alash was seen as symbol of national bourgeoisie and nationalism. The dream of independence and regional/national identity came true only in 1991.

News of the February Revolution in 1917 was greeted enthusiastically by all sectors of society. The event was seen as marking the beginning of a new era, one in which the Kazakh grievances would receive a fair hearing and former wrongs would be righted. A generation of young Kazakh intellectuals quickly took the foreground. Most had already been active in the new Kazakh youth groups, including Birlik (Unity), formed in Omsk in 1915, and Erkin Dala (The Free Steppe), formed in Orenburg in 1916. These groups were discussion circles that helped increase the political awareness and unity of the educated Kazakh youth. Almost immedi­ately after the revolution these young intellectuals took advantage of their new opportunities to form some twenty new youth societies, including Igylikti Is (Good Deeds) in Orenburg and Umyt (Hope) and Jas Qazaq (Young Kazakh) in Uralsk.

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