9. Karakhanid state (political history, peculiarities of economics and social organization).

In 40-ies of X. Karluks power fell down and Karakhanids state appeared. Founder of the dynasty is considered Satuk Bogra Khan, declared as Kagan in 942 y. This state of Turkic tribes occupied the territory of Jetisu, its center was located in the Chu Valley, and the rate - in Balasagun. Over time they expanded the ownership of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya to Kashgar. Then they split into two parts - east, including Jetisu and East Turkestan, with its center in Balasagun and western - Maverannakhra centered first in Taraz, and then in Samarkand. The largest event in Karakhanids history was the adoption of Islam as state religion. It is connected with the name of Satuk Bogra Khan, who was in 955y. announced that, as in the 960y. in the interior areas of the karakhanids state 200000 tents have adopted Islam (the Arab name Satuk Bogra Khan - Abd al-Karim). As a result of internecine fighting in the first half of XI century. Karahanids state comes to the decline and fell under the authority of Kidane, who formed a state in Semirechye.

In contrast to the political structure of nomadic societies in the territory of Kazakhstan's military administration was separated from the administration. Public administration structure consisted of a hierarchical principle. The most important socio-political institution in the State was karahanidos military system (военно-ленная). Khans complained to relatives and close the right to receive from the population of the region, state or city taxes that are levied to the state. This grant became known as «ikta», as the holder named Mukta or iktadar. This helped to the governor to receive karahanids at its disposal proceeds, as from a nomadic economy, and from farming, as well as from people involved in crafts. Another feature of Karahanids States - (вакорные земли) land, ie areas legacies nobles and wealthy landowners or military, in favor of nomadic religious institutions, and these lands are not taking the tax. Extended this form of exploitation of the peasantry, as metayage. Metayage essence was as follows: land, are publicly owned or hereditary landowners, peasants surrendered the lease. Sharecropper, or as they were called muzargi or barzshar, obliged to give most of the crop in the form of state tax and the land owner or manager Waqf. In X-XII centuries. in Kazakhstan, part of the karahanids, had developed commendat Institute. According to contemporaries, the essence of commendation was that the weak (people) placed under the patronage of a strong plot to protect them. Public administration system of Karahanids Khanate generally based on a feudal basis, which is an important step in the history of the strengthening of the feudal order in the territory of Kazakhstan.

10. Kharakhitais state (location, economy, social organization, political history).

On the territory of Kazakhstan in Semirechje at 1128y. Karahytay state arose (Kidanes). This Far Eastern tribes that have turned karakhanids in the tributary. Karahytays gurhans (ruler) capital was in Balasagun. In addition Semirechje karahytai distributed its ownership in the South Kazakhstan and Maverannakhr. Even in 916y. Kidanes ruler declared himself Great Khan, gradually Kidanes seized the territory of Central Asia, first from Kashgar to the Great Wall of China, and then further Liao Dynasty was founded. But then from the banks of the Amur were more powerful tribes of nomads Chzhur-Chzen’ forced Kidanes move to the west. So in the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia emerged State Black China (Karahytay). The Prince of the Liao Dynasty, Elyuy Dashi, expanded its power from the East Turkistan (Kashgar) and the Amu Darya. He took gurhans title in 1141 y. He started the war with the Central Asian ruler of Khorasan and dividing it became masters Merwe and Horasan. Then captured between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya. Elyuy Dashi died at 1143 y. and power passed to his widow Tabugen. By the end of the XII century Kidanes state was the most powerful in Central Asia. It included the land between the Irtysh and the Amu Darya, and further to the west - Ferghana and Samarkand to pay him tribute. The dramatic changes in this area occurred in the last gurhane Gzhilugu (Gzhulku), who rules from 1169 to 1203 or 1212 This is due to the appearance here naymans pursued by the Mongols, led by Khan Kuchluk. Kuchluk the one hand, and horezmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad, on the other hand, defeated karahytays, and their possession of Ili Valley were owned by naymans.