64) The cultivation of the “Virgin Lands” in Kazakhstan in 1950-1960ss years: the projects and results.

There was a task of the further development of the national economy after the end of the Great Patriotic war in Kazakhstan.

General Secretary of CPSU N. Khrushchev’s decision in late 1953 to create a new breadbasket out of allegedly underutilized lands of southern Siberia and Kazakhstan affected the Kazakhs more than any other Soviet policy decision, with the possible exception of collectivization. The Kazakh economy was again forced to adapt. Large grain sovkhozy were built in Kazakhstan, where the Communist party was headed by L. Brezhnev, soon the General Secretary of CPSU.

September (1953) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU discussed and adopted program of measures of the further development of agriculture.

The big place in realization of a course of the CPSU of agriculture development program was given to Kazakhstan. Here there were enormous land resources which were necessary for using rationally; the basic part of a fertile virgin soil was in Kazakhstan in marginal lands. Besides, there were no human resources for acquisition of virgin economy. Attraction of people from other areas of the country became the main source for the fulfillment of the Virgin Land Policy program.

On February, 23rd - on March, 2nd, 1954 plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU defined the development plans in agriculture, set up the task to increase considerably the grain manufacture. Congress underlined the nation-wide value of the plans for development of agricultural industries - to receive in 1955 from these soils 1100-1200 million poods of grain.

By August, 10th, 1954 the established task on plaguing of virgin lands in the country was executed: 13,4 million hectares of the new soils, or 103,2 % to the plan, including more than 6,5 million in hectare of virgin lands in Kazakhstan were plagued.

Above 640 000 persons, among them: 50 000 builders, about 3000 medical workers, almost 1500 teachers and others professionals arrived in total to the republic at the first stage of mass development of a virgin soil.

Thanks to mass labour heroism of the Soviet people in the big areas of the new soils ploughed in 1954-1956 allowed to expand sharply 18 million hectares of virgin lands or 60,6 % to the general under crops, it was essential to increase the delivery of bread to the state.

In 1956 Kazakhstan had over the first billion poods of grain. During 1956-1968 in republic the areas under the crops increased in Kazakhstan in to 28,6 million hectares.

Manufacture of commercial crops – a sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco and forage crops were extended in the republic as well. By the end of 50th years the material base of agriculture in Kazakhstan was considerably strengthened – sovkhozs and collective farms received 169 thousand tractors, 98 thousand combines, 73 thousand tracks and a considerable quantity of other agricultural machinery.

Such grandiose project as the development of several millions hectares of the virgin lands in Kazakhstan had the hugest value: either positive, either so and negative.

It is possible to mark some positive results:

• The inflow of a labor sources, vehicles, the machinery equipment in territory of Kazakhstan;

• Strengthening of material base of agriculture industries;

• High rates of development of an agricultural production and population growth;

The negative ones:

• Infringement of ecological balance, aeration fertile soils;

• Reduction of pastures;

A damage to animal husbandry industries (low rate of meat and diary production).

It is possible to learn a lesson from any example from the history. The development of virgin lands will serve as an instructive lesson for the future generations of the necessity to watch the nature of the Native land besides the grandiose economic outputs and profits.

Every forth ton of wool, the twelfth ton of meat and every fifth ton of grain went to the state resources from here. Not only the agriculture developed rapidly in Kazakhstan of that period. The industry in Kazakhstan sufficiently surpassed the pre-war level at the expense of the evacuated enterprises. The transition of the national economy to a peaceful way was completed in 1946 in Kazakhstan. A coal-mining industry and agriculture was in the process of active development. The length of the railways was extended.

An output of the metals like copper, zinc and lead from 30% to 70% led to Kazakhstan became a unique agricultural and industrial region.

Unfortunately, all that large national economic potential turned out to be ineffective administration system, not leading to an improvement of the Kazakh people’s prosperity.

The economic policies of the Khrushchev-Brezhnev era led to greater integration of the Kazakh economy and the Kazakh party into the Soviet administration. Khrushchev’s Virgin Lands policy, combined with Brezhnev’s commitment to modernizing agricultural practices, greatly sped up the command and administrative system that Stalin had introduced.

65) The Alash intellectuals – the Kazakh secular elite at the beginning of the XX century.

In 1905, Bokeikhanov's political activism began when he joined the Constitutional Democratic party. He was elected to the First Duma as a member of that party in 1906, and signed the Vyborg Manifesto to protest the dissolution of the Duma by the tsar. As a result of this action, he was arrested and prohibited from living in the Steppe Oblasts. During his exile, he relocated to Samara.Bokeikhanov became deeply involved with the Alash Orda - a political movement which sought to create an authonomous Kazakhstan. After the October revolution, he was elected in 1917 as president of the Alash Orda government of Alash Autonomy. The same year he was a member of the Turkestan Committee and Commissar of the Provisional Government in Torghai Oblast.In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bokeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.

. In October 1905 he joined other Kazakhs in the city of Ural and helped create the Kazakh branch of the Constitutional Democrat Party, beginning his active political career. In 1909 he published Qyryq mysal (Forty Proverbs), which was influenced by Ivan Krylov's fables but written in a manner that seemed best suited for a Kazakh reader and corresponded to Kazakh culture and nomadic sensibilities. His collection of translations was followed in 1911 by an original collection of poetry entitled Masa (Mosquito). Whereas Qyryq mysal was pedagogic in nature, Masa was much more political and incendiary. In 1913 Baitursynov became the editor of the newspaper Kazak, which became the most successful prerevolutionary Kazakh periodical. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, he became a leader of the Kazakh political party Alash Orda (The Horde of Alash), which fought for an independent Kazakh state. In 1920 the Bolsheviks consolidated power in Central Asia, and Baitursynov joined them. Throughout the 1920s he was active in educational reforms and helped establish the first Kazakh university. In 1937 he was arrested for harboring bourgeois nationalist sentiments and executed during the Stalinist purges.

the Kazakh outstanding enlightener, public figure, poet, writer, journalism master, one of the leaders of the Alashorda government and national-liberation movement of Kazakhstan. He was born in Kostanay oblast. He finished an elementary school in the village and in 1897 entered the Russian-Kazakh Pedagogical College, from which he graduated in 1902, becoming a rural teacher. In 1904 in Karkaraly he met with Akhmet Baitursynov and Alikhan Bokeikhanov. Under the influence of these two leaders of the national movement he fully understood Russian empire's colonial policy. In 1907 he went to St.Petersburg to the All-Russian Cadets Congress as a delegate from the Kazakh party of constitutional democrats. By the czar?s decree dated July 3, 1907 the Kazakhs were denied their rights to participate in the Russian State Duma. In his article ?The Law of July 3 and the Kazakhs? M.Dulatov criticized this decision. The political creed of M.Dulatov was defined, when he released his first poetic album ?Oyan, Kazakh!? (?Wake up, Kazakh!?) under pseudonym Argyn. The book was immediately confiscated, but he managed to republish it in 1911 and returned to Torgay. In 1910 Mirzhakyp published his debut story ?Bakytsyz Zhamal? (?Unhappy Zhamal?) ? the story of the Kazakh woman became the first work of prose in the modern Kazakh literature. In 1911 he was arrested in Semipalatinsk. After the release, M.Dulatov published his works in ?Aikap? journal and ?The Kazakh? newspaper, which was founded by A.Baitursynov. In his articles Mirzhakyp criticized the social-economic and political situation of the Kazakh people under the oppression of the czar?s regime. In 1916 Mirzhakyp became a founder of the first famine relief fund. In 1917 M.Dulatov became one of the promoters of the First All-Kyrgyz Congress in Orenburg, where the first Kazakh political party ?Alash? was formed. In December, 1917 after the October Revolution the Second All-Kyrgyz Congress was held in Orenburg. In February, 1920 Alashorda autonomy was abolished and its leaders were amnestied. M.Dulatov returned to the publishing and educational activity and lived in Orenburg in 1922-1928. In 1928 Mirzhakyp came out against repeal of the Arabic alphabet, counting that the linguistic reform would sever ties of the nation with the writing history. On December 29, 1928 he was arrested on charges of the Kazakh nationalism. M.Dulatov was shot on October 5, 1935.