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75. The role and functions of the Assembly of Kazakhstan people.

The Assembly activity is directed to the solution of the tasks given below:  • to promote the maintenance of interethnic concord and social stability;  • to work out proposals over the state policy, making for the development of friendly relations between peoples residing on the RK territory, to promote their cultural and spiritual revival and development on the basis of observance to principles of equality;  • formation of the public political culture, resting on civilized and democratic standards;  • to provide for consideration of multilateral ethnic interests within the national policy held by the State;  • to search for compromises to settle the social conflicts arising in the society.

76. The foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present time.

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the multidimensional foreign policy (многовекторнаявнешняяполитика), seeking equally good relations with two large neighbors, Russia and China, and the United States and the West generally. The policy has yielded results in the oil and gas sector, where companies from the U.S., Russia, China, and Europe are present at all major fields, and in the multidimensional directions of oil export pipelines out of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan also enjoys strong, and rapidly developing, political and economic ties with Turkey. In 2011, and possibly as early as 2010, Kazakhstan plans to form a customs union with Russia and Belarus.

Kazakhstan has stable relationships with all of its neighbors. Kazakhstan is also a member of the United Nations, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). It is an active participant in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Partnership for Peace program.

Kazakhstan is also a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Economic Cooperation Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established the Eurasian Economic Community in 2000 to re-energize earlier efforts at harmonizing trade tariffs and the creation of a free trade zone under a customs union. On December 1, 2007, it was revealed that Kazakhstan has been chosen to chair OSCE for the year 2010.

77. The history of the ussr disintegration and the Independence of Kazakhstan .

The four principal elements of the old Soviet system were the hierarchy of soviets, ethnic federalism, state socialism, and Communist Party dominance. Gorbachev's programs of perestroika and glasnost produced radical unforeseen effects that brought that system down. As a means of reviving the Soviet state, Gorbachev repeatedly attempted to build a coalition of political leaders supportive of reform and created new arenas and bases of power. He implemented these measures because he wanted to resolve serious economic problems and political inertia that clearly threatened to put the Soviet Union into a state of long−term stagnation(застой).

But by using structural reforms to widen opportunities for leaders and popular movements in the union republics to gain influence, Gorbachev also made it possible for nationalist, orthodox communist, and populist forces to oppose his attempts to liberalize and revitalize Soviet communism. Although some of the new movements aspired to replace the Soviet system altogether with a liberal democratic one, others demanded independence for the national republics. Still others insisted on the restoration of the old Soviet ways. Ultimately, Gorbachev could not forge a compromise among these forces and the consequence was the collapse of the Soviet Union.

On December 8, 1991, the leaders of three Slavic states, met in Minsk and announced the treaty of 1922 about formation of the USSR to lose its validity . On the same day they declared about the formation of the CIS.

After 5 day, there was meeting of the heads of the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan in Ashgabat on 13 December 1991. They expressed their full approval for the decision of three Slavic states in Byelorussia.

Caught up in the groundswell of Soviet republics seeking greater autonomy, Kazakhstan declared its sovereignty as a republic within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in October 1990.

The sharp political struggle, continued during 4 months after the August putsch (государственныйпереворот), resulted in a great historic event. “The Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on independent statehood of the Republic of Kazakhstan” was accepted on 16 December in 1991. The state independency of the Republic of Kazakhstan was proclaimed. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence. The first country who accepted independence of Kazakhstan was Turkey, it accepted it after 20 minutes after it was declared. Until the end of 1991 18 country accepted the independence of Kazakhstan.

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