- •Предисловие
- •Youth Problems
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •V. Fill in the gaps.
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English.
- •VII. Retell the text. The problems of teen-agers
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •V. Fill in the gaps.
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English.
- •VII. Retell the text. Unit 2. The problem of environmental protection clean air, fresh water - only a dream?
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VI. Answer the questions based on the text:
- •VII. Retell the text. Toxic wasteland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •VIII. Retell the text. Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering.
- •If You Do Not Litter, Our Town Will Glitter
- •Global Climate Change
- •A Time-bomb in the Earth's Atmosphere
- •Acid Rains
- •Unit 3. Science The concept of science
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VIII. Retell the text. Structure of a science.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •The basic stages of development of a science.
- •The achievement of science and technical revolution and our day-to-day life
- •Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering Science
- •Michael Lomonosov
- •Unit 4. Mass media the modern broadcasting industry
- •Exercises
- •Television
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Newspaper
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Tell your group mates the most interesting article you’ve
- •VIII. Retell the text. Radio
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Imagine that you are a disc jockey in one of the most famous
- •VIII. Retell the text. Magazine
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Combine the sentences.
- •VIII. Retell the text. Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering tv in britain
- •Грамматический справочник Неличные формы глагола. The Verbals
- •§1. Инфинитив. The Infinitive
- •§2. Причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени, Participle I and Participle II.
- •Формы причастия от переходных глаголов
- •§3. Герундий (gerund)
- •§4. Наклонение (the mood)
- •§ 5. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§6. Страдательный залог (The passive voice)
- •§7. Предложение (The Sentence)
- •Сложное предложение
- •Придаточные предложения подлежащие (Subject Clauses)
- •Дополнительные придаточные предложения (Object Clauses)
- •Определительные придаточные предложения (Attributive Clauses)
- •Придаточные предложения цели (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)
- •Придаточные предложения условия (Adverbial Clauses of Condition)
- •§8. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
- •Косвенная речь (inderect speech)
- •Grammar exercises Exercises to §1
- •1. Point out what part of the sentence the infinitive is and whether it has a noun or a verb function:
- •2. Fill the gaps with the particle to wherever necessary:
- •3. Use Infinitive Constructions instead of the italicized subordinate clauses.
- •4. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •5. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose instead of the second sentence.
- •Exercises to §2
- •5. Replace the attributive clauses by phrases with the participle II.
- •Exercises to §3
- •1. Use the right form of the Gerund instead of the verbs in brackets and add the preposition:
- •2. Use a Gerund instead of the subordinate clause, add the preposition if necessary:
- •3. Translate into English, using the Gerund:
- •4. Complete the sentences with the Gerund of the following verbs: eat, follow, increase, lend, meet, restrain, smoke, speak, stay, travel.
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •Exercises to §4
- •1. Read the sentences and translate them.
- •2. Open the brackets, using the subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •1. Change the sentences from real condition into two forms of unreal condition.
- •2. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Exercises to §6
- •1. Change the sentences from active to passive.
- •2. Change the sentences from active to passive, paying attention on the preposition.
- •3. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English, using Passive Voice.
- •Exercises to §7
- •1. Analyze the following sentences.
- •2. State the type of the subordinate clause (subject, predicative and object).
- •3. State the type of the subordinate clause.
- •4. Choose the conjunction which fits the meaning of the sentence.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Exercises to §8
- •1. Change the sentences into past, using Sequence of Tenses.
- •2. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Translate from Russian into English.
- •4. Change the sentences into indirect speech:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Формулы речевого общения, сгруппированные по коммуникативным намерениям
Vocabulary
environment окружающая среда
pollute загрязнять
pollution загрязнение
emission отбросы
to deteriorate загрязнять
dangerous опасный
fuel топливо
production производство
source источник
poisonous ядовитый
animal husbandry животноводство
protection защита
consequence следствие
neighbouring соседние
Exercises
I. Read and translate the text.
II. Look through the vocabulary and be ready to write the word-dictation.
III. Make up a situation or sentences, using the topical vocabulary.
IV. Translate from English into Russian:
environmental protection, global problems, fossil fuels, impurity, air spoilage, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, lead, toxicity, waste management, soil erosion, acidity, salinization, fertilizers, the ozone layer.
V. Translate from Russian into English:
1. Защита окружающей среды - одна из глобальных проблем, стоящих перед населением земного шара сегодня.
2. Во многих странах опасно возросло загрязнение воздуха, а в последнее время оно превысило критическую отметку.
3. Использование разных видов органического топливо является важнейшей причиной загрязнения воздуха.
4. Загрязнение, вызываемое транспортом, также как и загрязнение от топлива и промышленности, вносят свой вклад в порчу воздушной среды.
5. Промышленные отходы являются самым серьезным источником загрязнения воды по степени их токсичности, разрушительного воздействия и количества.
6. Защита водных источников должна увеличиваться за счет сокращения источников загрязнения, тщательного планирования и научных исследований.
7. Загрязнение почвы является следствием интенсивного развития сельского хозяйства.
8. Проблемы окружающей среды должны решаться сотрудничеством ученых, политических деятелей, тех, кто планирует будущие проекты, а также сотрудничеством простых граждан всех заинтересованных государств и широким международным взаимодействием всех людей, любящих природу.
VI. Answer the questions based on the text:
I. What problem is facing the planet's civilization today?
2. What are the most important causes of air pollution?
3. Why does air pollution affect many people?
4. Why do the chemical, metal and textile industries provide a major source of water pollution?
5. How must water protection be principally increased?
6. What amount of land suffers from acidity and salinization all over the world?
7. What facts can be refterrcd to as «imported pollution»?
8 How should environmental problems be solved?
VII. Retell the text. Toxic wasteland
The incidence of ecology-related deseases has been growing. Death rates from cancer have been rising in a number of regions, as has infant mortality, while the average life spans are falling. The quality of food is also going down. No other great industrial civilization so systematically and so long poisoned its air, land, water and people. None so loudly proclaiming its efforts to improve public health and protect nature so degraded both.
Communism has left Russia and the other republics too poor to rebuild their economics and repair the ecological damage at the same time, too disorganized to mount a collective war on pollution and sometimes too cynical even to try. The damage is so widespread that cleaning it up will take decades.
A radiation map, which has never been released to the public but which was made available to US News pinpoints more than 130 nuclear explosions, mostly in European Russia. They were conducted for geophysical investigations, to create underground pressure in oil and gas fields or simply to move earth for building dams. No one knows how much they have contaminated the land, water, people and wildlife, but the damage is almost certainly enormous.
Some 920.000 barrels of oil -- roughly one of every 10 barrels produced -are spilled every day in Russia.
The Siberian forests that absorb much of the world's carbon dioxide are posing a bigger threat to the world environment than the destruction of the Brazilian rain forests. Most of the damage is caused by pollution and indiscriminate clear-cutting mostly by foreign companies. Local authorities, particularly in the Far East, have extended vast timber-cutting rights to foreign companies without either imposing strict controls on their methods or requiring reforestation.
Every nuclear power station is in no good condition, a lot of leaks- In the short term Russia has little choice but to stick with nuclear power, which provides 60 per cent of the electricity in some regions.
The dual legacy of poverty and environmental degradation has left the new political leaders to face rising demands for jobs and consumer goods, growing consternation about the costs of pollution and too few resources to attack either problem, let alone both at once. Environmental consciousness has permeated only a small fraction of society. Only a handful of lawyers, and even fewer judges, arc familiar with environmental law. The courts are ill-equipped to handle claims from individuals and would be overwhelmed if people tried to collect damages from polluters.
Russia's polluted environment is also a source of danger for other countries. Scientists have long been talking about transborder pollution. The global ecological problems have been engendered by suicidal economic activity of the whole of mankind, but our contribution to the pollution of environment is far greater than our share in the world's economic production. For example, Russian industry discharges vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, aggravating the impact of the greenhouse effect.
Only the vastness of the country is staving off the ecological catastrophe, but in 10-15 years from now the environment will be ruined beyond repair.
Two-thirds of the country's population live in cities notorious for their polluted environment: Moscow. Kemerovo, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg, etc.
Lives of Russians are endangered by the impermissible condition of the environment. This particularly concerns future generations. Infant mortality here is appalling - far worse than in advanced countries. When considering innate deformites rate, we are not a civilized country. Accumulating mutations are nearing the critical level of genetic freaks spelling national degradation.