- •Предисловие
- •Youth Problems
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •V. Fill in the gaps.
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English.
- •VII. Retell the text. The problems of teen-agers
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •V. Fill in the gaps.
- •VI. Translate from Russian into English.
- •VII. Retell the text. Unit 2. The problem of environmental protection clean air, fresh water - only a dream?
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VI. Answer the questions based on the text:
- •VII. Retell the text. Toxic wasteland
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •VIII. Retell the text. Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering.
- •If You Do Not Litter, Our Town Will Glitter
- •Global Climate Change
- •A Time-bomb in the Earth's Atmosphere
- •Acid Rains
- •Unit 3. Science The concept of science
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VIII. Retell the text. Structure of a science.
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •The basic stages of development of a science.
- •The achievement of science and technical revolution and our day-to-day life
- •Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering Science
- •Michael Lomonosov
- •Unit 4. Mass media the modern broadcasting industry
- •Exercises
- •Television
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •Newspaper
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Tell your group mates the most interesting article you’ve
- •VIII. Retell the text. Radio
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VI. Answer the following questions:
- •VII. Imagine that you are a disc jockey in one of the most famous
- •VIII. Retell the text. Magazine
- •Vocabulary
- •Exercises
- •VII. Combine the sentences.
- •VIII. Retell the text. Additional texts for reading, translating and rendering tv in britain
- •Грамматический справочник Неличные формы глагола. The Verbals
- •§1. Инфинитив. The Infinitive
- •§2. Причастия настоящего и прошедшего времени, Participle I and Participle II.
- •Формы причастия от переходных глаголов
- •§3. Герундий (gerund)
- •§4. Наклонение (the mood)
- •§ 5. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§6. Страдательный залог (The passive voice)
- •§7. Предложение (The Sentence)
- •Сложное предложение
- •Придаточные предложения подлежащие (Subject Clauses)
- •Дополнительные придаточные предложения (Object Clauses)
- •Определительные придаточные предложения (Attributive Clauses)
- •Придаточные предложения цели (Adverbial Clauses of Purpose)
- •Придаточные предложения условия (Adverbial Clauses of Condition)
- •§8. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses)
- •Косвенная речь (inderect speech)
- •Grammar exercises Exercises to §1
- •1. Point out what part of the sentence the infinitive is and whether it has a noun or a verb function:
- •2. Fill the gaps with the particle to wherever necessary:
- •3. Use Infinitive Constructions instead of the italicized subordinate clauses.
- •4. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •5. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase in the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose instead of the second sentence.
- •Exercises to §2
- •5. Replace the attributive clauses by phrases with the participle II.
- •Exercises to §3
- •1. Use the right form of the Gerund instead of the verbs in brackets and add the preposition:
- •2. Use a Gerund instead of the subordinate clause, add the preposition if necessary:
- •3. Translate into English, using the Gerund:
- •4. Complete the sentences with the Gerund of the following verbs: eat, follow, increase, lend, meet, restrain, smoke, speak, stay, travel.
- •5. Translate into Russian:
- •Exercises to §4
- •1. Read the sentences and translate them.
- •2. Open the brackets, using the subjunctive mood and translate the sentences into Russian.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Subjunctive Mood.
- •1. Change the sentences from real condition into two forms of unreal condition.
- •2. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Translate into English.
- •Exercises to §6
- •1. Change the sentences from active to passive.
- •2. Change the sentences from active to passive, paying attention on the preposition.
- •3. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English, using Passive Voice.
- •Exercises to §7
- •1. Analyze the following sentences.
- •2. State the type of the subordinate clause (subject, predicative and object).
- •3. State the type of the subordinate clause.
- •4. Choose the conjunction which fits the meaning of the sentence.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •Exercises to §8
- •1. Change the sentences into past, using Sequence of Tenses.
- •2. Use the right form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Translate from Russian into English.
- •4. Change the sentences into indirect speech:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •Формулы речевого общения, сгруппированные по коммуникативным намерениям
Косвенная речь (inderect speech)
Глаголы, вводящие косвенную речь.
Повествовательные предложения:to say to smb – сказать, to tell smb – говорить, to inform – информировать, to remark – заметить, to explain to smb – объяснять, to admit – заметить, to add – добавлять, to declare – предполагать, to reply – отвечать, to remind – напоминать, to announce – объявлять, to assure – заверять.
Вопросительные предложения:to ask – спрашивать, to wonder – удивляться, I want to know – хотелось бы знать, to question – спрашивать, to wish to know – хотелось бы знать, to answer – отвечать.
Содержание прямой речи передается с помощью дополнительного придаточного предложения или инфинитивного оборота. Если высказывание – простое повествовательное предложение, то в косвенной речи оно присоединяется к главному предложению с помощью союза that (в разговорной речи союз может опускаться)
Mary said:”I don’t know her:” – Mary said that she didn’t know her.
В косвенной речи в повествовательных предложениях видовременная форма глагола изменяется следующим образом:
|
The Present Indefinite She said: “I go to the shop every day” |
The Past Indefinite She remarked that she went to the shop every day |
|
The Past Indefinite She said: “I spent my holiday in England last summer” |
The Past Perfect She informed that she had spent her holiday in England the previous. |
|
The Future Indefinite He said: “ My friend will go to the South next year” |
The Future – in – the Past Indefinite He announced that his friend would go to the South next year |
|
The Present Continuous I said to him: “I’m reading a newspaper now” |
The Past Continuous I told him that I was reading a newspaper then |
|
The Future Continuous He said: “I shall be playing football at this time tomorrow” |
The Future – in – the Past Continuous He declared that he would be playing football at that time the next day. |
|
The Present Perfect We said: “He has just passed his examinations” |
The Past Perfect We admitted that he had just passed his examinations |
|
The Future Perfect She said: “I shall have translated the article by that time tomorrow” |
The Future – in – the Past Perfect She informed that she would have translated the article by that time tomorrow |
Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи вводятся в зависимости от смысла предложения глаголами: to order (приказывать), to ask (спрашивать), to beg (умолять), за которыми следует дополнение, обозначающее лицо, к которому обращена просьба или приказание. Глаголы в повелительном предложении заменяются на инфинитив плюс частица to.
He said: “Meet me at the station”
He ask to meet him at the station.
She said: “Don’t open the window”
She ordered not to open the window.
Вопросительные предложения в косвенной речи становятся дополнительными придаточными предложениями с прямым порядком слов:
She said: “Is she at home?”
She wanted to know if she was at home.
She said: “Where did you spend your holiday last summer?”
She asked where I had spent my holiday the previous summer.