II. Insert the correct form of the verb:

1. Once the digestive products have been absorbed, they _ to the other parts of the body.

A. are transported

B. is transported

C. transport

2. Erythrocytes _ in the bone marrow and are important in that they transport oxygen from the lungs.

A. has been made

B. are made

C. is making

3. The muscles _ of the muscular fibers and contain blood vessels and nerves.

A. was consisted

B. consist

C. are consisted

4. The contractions of the heart _ the blood through the arteries to all parts of the body.

A. has pumped

B. was pumped

C. pump

5. The heart consists of two separate chambers _ by the septum.

A. are dividing

B. divide

C. divided

6. Tears occur when the covering skin _ beyond the limits of its elasticity.

A. is pulled

B. are pulled

C. have been pulled

III. Translate the following sentences:

1. The lower limb is very similar to that of the upper limb, except the pelvic girdle.

2. When the pressure in the right atrium has increased the blood passes into the right ventricle.

3. When the patient is hospitalized his/her activities will be limited and carefully monitored by the hospital staff.

4. In the majority of cases the ulcer develops in particularly nervous persons, often after emotional stress.

5. Vitamins are widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis because some of them improve the metabolic processes and dilate the vessels.

6. Smooth muscle is in the walls of the hollow organs and tubes, in the internal parts of the eyes, and in the walls of blood vessels.

7. The characteristic clinical manifestations of gastritis are an increased secretion of mucus and diminished secretion of acid and pepsin.

IV. Read and translate one of the following texts: Text a disorders of the heart and blood vessels

Because of the constant activity of the heart and blood vessels, there is a wide range of potential problems and disorders. The two most common disorders are coronary artery disease, the principal cause of heart attack, and hypertension. Yet there are other kinds of problems that can affect the health of the valves, the heart muscle, the rhythm of the heart, or the ability of your blood vessels to circulate the blood to your tissues. Some problems, called congenital, are present at birth; others occur as the result of infection, hereditary factors, problems with the action of thyroid hormone on your heart, lung diseases that affect your heart, or trauma.

In the following pages, we will consider individually several dozen heart and blood vessel disorders, as well as some of the remarkable advances made in recent years in diagnosis and treatment for heart and circu­latory problems. But before considering the problems, it is important to understand something about the basic interaction between the lives we lead and our health.

What we eat, our exercise patterns, whether we smoke, and a number of other lifestyle considerations have an impact on the health of our hearts as well as on other organ systems. So we will begin with the risk factors for coro­nary artery disease and what we can do to use that knowledge for longer, healthier lives.

Your primary care physician may treat some heart and circulatory disorders. How­ever, your physician may refer you to a cardiologist, a specialist who has had additional training in the diagnosis and management of heart and blood vessel disorders.