Overview

The alimentary canal includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The related organs are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, hard and soft palates, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive tract extends from the oral cavity to the anus. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. The stomach receives food from esophagus, and its mixing action reduces the food to a semi-liquid mixture. The small intestine is a thin-walled tube. It is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The last section of the digestive tract is the large intestine. It is divided into cecum, colon, and rectum. The functions of the digestive system are to ingest food, masticate the food, propel the food through the digestive tract, add secretions to the food and digest the food. Once these useful substances are absorbed, they are transported through the circulatory system to cells where they are used. Undigested matter is moved out of the digestive tract and excreted through the anus. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the related organs.

LESSON 26

STOMACH

Vocabulary

store [stO:] берегти, зберігати mix [mIks] змішувати, перемішувати segment ['segment] ділянка, сектор cardiac ['kQ:dIqk] кардіальний, що належить до проксімального відділу fundus ['fAndqs] дно pyloric [paI'lOrIk] пілоричний curvature ['kq:vqCq] вигин sphincter ['sfINktq] сфінктер juice [Gu:s] сік antrum['xntrqm] печера, порожнина

protein ['prqutI:n] білок, протеїн serve [sq:v] служити; виконувати hydrochloric ['haIdro'klOrIk] соляний, хлористий, хлористоводневий create [krI'eIt] виробляти, створювати lining ['laInIN] слизова оболонка push [puS] проштовхувати, штовхати solid ['sOlId] твердий primarily ['praImqrIlI] здебільшого, головним чином processed['prqusest] оброблений, перероблений

Word-building

Ex. 1. Familiarize yourself with the following material:

Suffixes of Adjectives:

-y

ice лід – icy льодяний

Ex. 2. Read and translate the following words:

Salty; healthy; sleepy.

Ex. 3. Form adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them:

MODEL: chief головний – chiefly головним чином, здебільшого

Particular, initial, deep, final, partial, complete, recent, extreme, wide, quick, local, common, chemical, mechanical, sufficient.

GRAMMAR:

Ex. 4. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

CONTINUOUS TENSES

(Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)

TENSE	QUESTION WORD	AUXILIARY VERB	SUBJECT	VERB
Present Continuous Tense	What Where When	am is are	I he, she, it we, you, they	being + V3
Past Continuous Tense	How Why How many	was were	he, she, it we, you, they	being + V3
Future Continuous Tense	How much Whom	-	-	-

MODEL:

Where are the preventive measures being conducted?

Why was the work being done?

Ex. 5. Read and translate the following questions:

1. Why are all efforts being directed towards the early diagnosis of gastric disorders? 2. Where was the solution being injected? 3. Is the child being examined by the surgeon? 4. What part of digestive system is water being absorbed in?

Ex. 6. Turn the following sentences into interrogative:

1. The scientific works are being translated into foreign language. 2. Serious investigations were being done by various scientists to establish functions and anatomical structure of the stomach. 3. At present the ingested food is being mixed. 4. The food is being broken into smaller and smaller pieces by the mechanical activity of these muscles. 5. Now the stomach lining is being protected by the mucus. 6. Bile was being transported out of the liver. 7. The red bone marrow is being stimulated in this embryo. 8. These drugs are being removed by the liver. 9. The injured tissue is being replaced in this person. 10. The functions of the injured section are being performed by other cells.