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Overview

The liver is the largest internal gland of the body. It is in the upper right part of the abdomen. The liver consists of two major lobes and minor lobes. A porta is the place of the liver where the various vessels, ducts, and nerves enter and exit the liver. The hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, and a small hepatic nerve plexus enter the liver through the porta. The hepatic ducts transport bile out of the liver. The right and left hepatic ducts unite to form a single common hepatic duct. The functions of the liver are the following: bile production, stimulation of red bone marrow, storage of iron and copper, protein metabolism, fat metabolism, heat production, and detoxification.

Lesson 28

BLOOD

Vocabulary

volume ['vOljum] обсяг, об’єм

matrix ['meItrIks] матрикс, міжклітинний матеріал

average ['xvqrIG] середній; звичайний

approximately [q'prOksImItlI] приблизно

fluid [fluId] рідина

plasma ['plxzmq] плазма

erythrocyte [I'rITrosaIt] еритроцит

corpuscle ['kO:pAsl] часточка, корпускула, тільце, елемент крові

thrombocyte ['TrOmbousaIt] тромбоцит

platelet ['pleItlqt] тромбоцит, кров’яна пластинка

leukocyte (leucocyte) ['lju:kqusaIt] лейкоцит

pale [peIl] блідий

protein ['prqutI:n] білок

albumin ['xlbjumIn] альбумін

globulin ['glObjulIn] глобулін

fibrinogen [faI'brInoGqn] фібриноген

clot [klOt] згусток крові, тромб

suspend [sqs'pend] підвішувати; висіти

remove [rI'mu:v] видаляти

serum ['sIqrqm] сироватка

nutrient ['nju:trIqnt] поживна речовина

waste [weIst] непотрібний, непридатний, некорисний

enzyme ['enzaIm] фермент

maintenance ['meIntqnqns] підтримка, збереження

Word-building

Ex. 1. Familiarize yourself with the following material:

Suffix of Adverbs:

-ly

quick швидкий quickly швидко

slow повільний –slowly повільно

Ex. 2. Read and translate the following words:

Greatly; normally; partly; daily; really; weekly; primarily; usually; approximately; mainly; principally; structurally.

Grammar:

Ex. 3. Familiarize yourself with the data of the following table:

Perfect tenses (Passive Voice, Interrogative Form)

Tense

Questioning word

Auxiliary verb

Subject

Predicate

(Form of the Verb)

Example

Present Perfect Tense,

Passive Voice

What

Why

Where

How many

How much

have

has

I, you, we they

he, she, it

been + V3

(been studied, been written)

Has the text been translated today?

Past Perfect Tense,

Passive Voice

had

I, he, she, it, you, we, they

been + V3

(been studied, been written)

Where had the patient been examined?

Future Perfect Tense,

Passive Voice

shall

will

I, we

he, she, it, you, they

have + been + V3

(have been studied, have been written)

When will the hospital have been modernized?

Ex. 4. Read and translate the following interrogative sentences:

1. Have the proteins that produce clots been removed from the plasma? 2. Will the structure of leukocytes have been described in your article? 3. Had the number of erythrocytes been counted by 3 o’clock? 4. How has the amount of radiation used for routine X-ray examinations been reduced? 5. Why has the bronchodilator drug been administered to the patient?

Ex. 5. Make the following sentences interrogative:

1. Cell fragments have been grouped into three major categories. 2. The blood has been distributed to the different organs of the body. 3. Large amounts of blood have been needed for kidneys and brain. 4. Food materials will have been absorbed by the small intestine. 5. The nourishment had been received by the duodenal glands by the end of operation. 6. Platelets have been produced within the marrow.

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