Ex. 11. What types of dislocations and fractures do you know? Can you explain the meaning of the following terms:

Types of Fractures

Ex. 12. Open fractures break through the skin. Simple fractures do not. Simple fractures are classified according to the way the bone breaks. Several varieties of the simple fractures are included in the illustration above. Speak on them.

Ex. 13. Read and retell the text:

Types of fractures

In identifying types of fractures, your physician may use some of the terms explained or illustrated below.

Open fracture: The broken bone protrudes from the skin. This may allow entry of bacteria from the environment, which increases the risk of infection.

Simple fracture: A fracture in which the broken bone does not protrude through the skin.

Complete fracture: Fracture in which the bone snaps into two or more parts.

Incomplete fracture: The break is limited to a crack (the bone is not separated into two parts).

Impacted fracture: One fragment of bone is embedded into another fragment of bone.

Pathological fracture: A bone breaks in a person with bones weakened by disease. Bone cancer or bone disorder such as osteoporosis can result in weakened bones that fractures spontaneously or when only minor stresses are exerted on them. Such breaks are termed pathologic fractures because a principal cause is an underlying disease.

Ex. 14. Read the following text and speak on the purposes of splinting and the basic principles of splinting:

First aid

Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether an injury is a fracture, dislocation, sprain, or strain.

Splinting

Since you cannot be sure which of these a victim might have, always care for it as a fracture. If ambulance car is on the way, do not move the victim. Control any bleeding first. Care for shock, and monitor Airway Breathing Circulation (ABCs). If you are going to transport the victim to a medical facility, follow this general rule: "When in doubt, splint." Splinting is a process of immobilizing a suspected fracture. Materials that can immobilize a fractured bone and the joints above and below it can be used to splint. (Examples are rolled-up newspapers, magazines, and pieces of wood.) Commercial splints are also available. The purposes of splinting are – • To immobilize a possibly fractured part of the body. • To lessen pain. • To prevent further damage to soft tissues. • To reduce the risk of serious bleeding. • To reduce the possibility of loss of circulation in the injured part. • To prevent closed fractures from becoming open fractures. The basic principles of splinting are –

• Splint only if you can do it without causing more pain and discomfort to the victim.

• Splint an injury in the position you find it.

• Apply the splint so that it immobilizes the fractured bone and the joints above and below the fracture.

• Check circulation before and after splinting.

If there are no splinting supplies available, splint the broken part of the body to another part. For example, a broken arm can be splinted to the chest. A fractured leg can be splinted to the other, uninjured leg.

If the injury is a closed fracture, dislocation, sprain, or strain, apply a cold pack. Do not apply a cold pack to an open fracture. This would require you to put pressure on the wound and may cause discomfort to the victim.

Next, elevate the injured area. Do not attempt to elevate a part you suspect is fractured until it has been splinted.

For any of these injuries, care for shock and monitor ABCs.

Ex. 15. Translate the following sentences into English:

Перелом – це пошкодження кістки або хряща кістки. Переломи поділяються на відкриті та закриті. Переломкістки може викликати сильну кровотечу або шок. При переломіреберможуть бути пошкоджені внутрішні органи людини, наприклад, легені, нирки, селезінка або печінка.Кажуть, що вивих менш небезпечний у порівнянні з переломом. Я з цим не погоджуюсь. Прибагатьох вивихах виникають серйозні ускладнення.Основні причини переломів та вивихів – це травми, отримані в результаті дорожньо-транспортних пригод.

Ex. 16. Speak on the fractures and dislocations.

Ex. 17. Read the dialogue: