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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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c. would have focused.
6. The public was informed that the defendant ______ guilty and im-
prisoned in accordance with the law.
a. was found;
b. is found ;
c. had been found.
7. A police officer said he ______ serious crimes for several years.
a. had been investigating;
b. had investigated;
c. is investigating.
8. He was asked what he ______ about the political situation in the
country.
a. had thought;
b. thought;
c. has thought.
9. The government spokesperson denied that there ______ a crisis in
the country.
a. has been ;
b. is;
c. was.
10. The prosecutor was sure that the defendant ______ a lie during
the trial.
a. tells;
b. was telling;
c. is telling.
2. Vocabulary. Read the text and fill in the gaps (1–10) by choos-
ing the best option (a, b, c).
In law, a jury is a panel of citizens who participate in the 1. ______
systems of some democracies. There are two main types: the petit (or trial)
jury and the grand jury. A petit jury decides the 2. ______ in a 3. ______
trial, in either a civil or criminal case. A grand jury 4. ______ whether some-
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one should be 5. ______ on criminal charges. By incorporating ordinary
citizens into the justice system, juries act as a safeguard against the abuse
of power by the 6. ______. The modern system of using juries developed
in England in the late Middle Ages and later spread through the British
Empire. Today, the jury system is used most in the United States. Petit juries are used in a more limited way in the United Kingdom and some countries of the Commonwealth, such as Australia and Canada. Grand juries
are currently used only in the United States. Although the characteristics
and powers of juries vary by country, province, or state, juries tend to have
a few basic things in common. Juries consist of 7. ______, not professional
legal experts such as 8. ______. They are generally recruited from a pool
of 9. ______ selected adult citizens. The members meet in secret to deliberate, or to discuss the issues, and to 10. ______ by voting. Finally, they
do not have to supply the reasons for their decisions.
No
A B C
1.
justice
just
equity
2.
verdict
solution
opinion
3.
courtroom
court
courtyard
4.
enacts
arranges
decides
5.
acquitted
brought to trial
pleaded guilty
6.
government
judge
indictment
7.
lawyers
court people
laypeople
8.
recorders
sheriffs
judges
9.
randomly
accidently
incidentally
10.
testify
reach a decision
give a lawsuit
3. Read the text and decide if the statements below are true of false.
Judicial Pressure on the Jury
It is a generally accepted principle that a jury must be allowed to consider its verdict free from all external pressures, such as threats, violence,
intimidation, or bribery. It is also very important that a jury should not be
under the influence of the trial judge. If it is so, it may lead to the defendant’s conviction being quashed (признавать недействительным, отме-
83
нять) on appeal. As for as the communication between judge and jury is
concerned, trial judge must be at all times in a position to give proper advice to the jury on any matters of law and fact which are problematic to the
jurors. There should be no private or secret communication between the
judge and the jury for the sake of impartiality and openness. During the
course of trial all the communication should be dealt with in open court in
the presence of entire jury, defendant and his counsel. Failure to observe
this practice may result on appeal in the quashing of the defendant’s conviction on the ground that is it is unsafe.
True or False?
1. Nobody is allowed to influence juror’s decision.
2. The trial judge may take an active part in giving the verdict by
the jury.
3. Jury trial should follow the principles of impartiality and openness.
4. The presence of the defendant during the trial is not obligatory.
5. The defendant’s conviction may be overturned if the principle of
openness is not observed during the trial.
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MODULE 2. CRIMES AND CRIMINALS
Abstract.
Vocabulary: Commit a crime, criminal act, criminal, felony, misdemeanor, infraction, crimes against a person, crimes against property, crimes
against morality, cybercrimes, street crimes, detection of crime, digital forensics, forensic evidence.
Grammar: Clauses: Types and Definitions. Independent Clause. Complex Sentence. Dependent Clause (Relative Clause, Nominal Clause, Adverbial Clause), Coordinate Clause, Non-finite Clause. Conjunctions.
Reading: Text 2A. What is Crime?
Text 2B. Types of Crime.
Text 2C. Cybercrimes and Importance of Computer Forensics.
Listening: Cybercrimes.
Writing: Crime problem and solution essay.
Learning Objectives.
After studying this module, you should be able to do the following:
1) read and speak about crime and types of crime; describe criminal
activities and individuals involved in them; discuss cybercrimes and importance of computer forensics in the modern world;
2) use different clauses in your oral and written communication;
3) listen to audio texts about cybercrimes and talk about them;
4) write problem and solution essay on Crime and criminals topic.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. Accomplishment/commission (n) — совершение (преступления)
2. Accused person — обвиняемый
3. Assault (n) — нападение
4. Be found criminally accountable (for) — быть привлеченным
к уголовной ответственности; нести уголовную ответственность
5. Burglary (n) — кража со взломом
6. Burden of proof — бремя доказывания
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7. Cause sb’s death — причинить кому-либо смерть
8. Child abuse — жестокое обращение с детьми
9. Commit a crime — совершить преступление
10. Counterfeiting (n) — подделка
11. Crime scene — место преступления
12. Crimes against a person — преступления против личности
13. Crimes against morality — преступления против нравственности
14. Crimes against property — преступления против собственности
15. Criminal act — преступное деяние
16. Cybercrime (n) — киберпреступление
17. Defy the law — открыто неповиноваться закону
18. Destruction of property — уничтожение имущества
19. Detection of crime — раскрытие преступления
20. Digital evidence — цифровое (электронное) доказательство
21. Digital forensics, cyber forensics, computer forensics — циф-
ровая криминалистика, киберкриминалистика, компьютерная криминалистика
22. Digital trace — цифровой след
23. Embezzlement (n) — растрата
24. Felony (n) — тяжкое и особо тяжкое преступление
25. Fingerprint (n) — отпечаток пальца
26. Forbid (forbade, forbidden) (v) — запрещать
27. Forensic evidence — судебное доказательство
28. Fraud (n) — мошенничество
29. Grievous injury — тяжелая травма
30. Hate crimes — преступления на почве ненависти
31. Identity theft — кража личных данных
32. Imprisonment (n) — тюремное заключение
33. Indict the suspect before a court — предъявить подозреваемому
обвинение в суде
34. Infraction — нарушение закона; мелкое правонарушение
35. Intellectual property theft — кража интеллектуальной соб-
ственности
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36. Intention (n) — намерение; мотив
37. Kidnapping (n) — похищение людей
38. Liable (adj) — ответственный
39. Manslaughter (n) — непредумышленное убийство
40. Misdemeanor (n) — преступление небольшой и средней тяжести
41. Money laundering — отмывание денег
42. Murder (n) — убийство
43. Omission (n) — зд. Преступное бездействие
44. Organized crimes — организованная преступность
45. Perjury (n) — лжесвидетельство
46. Phishing (n) — фишинг = вид интернет-мошенничества, цель
которого — получить идентификационные данные пользователей
47. Prejudice against sb/sth — предубеждение против кого-либо/
чего-либо
48. Ransomware attack — кибератака с целью получения выкупа
49. Rape (n) — изнасилование
50. Robbery (n) — ограбление
51. Sentence (n) — приговор
52. Severity of punishment — суровость наказания
53. Shoplifting (n) — кража в магазине
54. State liability — ответственность государства
55. Steal (stole, stolen) (v) — красть
56. Street crimes — уличная преступность
57. Sufficient (adj) — соответствующий, подходящий, достаточный
58. Technique for identifying sth. — метод/способ установления
чего-либо
59. Theft (n) — кража
60. White-collar crimes — преступления белых воротничков
WARMING UP
1. Check what you know about crimes and criminals. Choose the
best option to complete the sentences or answer the questions.
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1. What is crime?
a) any conduct that violates public norms and legal statutes
b) unlawful and punishable behavior that may not be defined in the
legal code
c) an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punisha-
ble by law
2. A criminal is a person who has ______ the law.
a) committed b) offended c) broken
3. Criminals can also be called law breakers or ______.
a) lawyers b) offenders c) jurors
4. What is criminology?
a) the study
of law
b) the study of crime c) the study
of criminals
5. What can we call someone who steals?
a) a thief b) a theft c) a thieve
6. Betsy had no money to buy food for her kids, so she took it from
a supermarket without paying. What was her crime?
a) kidnapping b) being poor c) shoplifting
7. What do we call someone who sells illegal drugs?
a) a drug dealer b) a drug user c) a drug taker
8. What kind of criminal is a businessman who imports goods without paying tax?
a) a forger b) a smuggler c) a deserter
9. Jack breaks into rich people’s homes and steals money. He’s an expert at ______.
a) burglary b) treachery c) bigamy
10. A professional killer who’s paid to murder people for political
reasons is called ______.
a) a soldier b) a spy c) an assassin
11. In 2001, Saudi Arabian terrorists led an attack on the USA in
which passenger airlines were ______ and crashed into buildings.
a) vandalized b) kidnapped c) hijacked
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12. Jack bumps into someone and takes their wallet without their knowing. What is he?
a) a burglar b) a pickpocket c) a mugger
13. What does forensic science do?
a) the examination of criminal evidence that may be submitted in
a court of law
b) data analysis and pattern recognition to support the investigation
c) data mining, knowledge discoveries, and building statistical
evidence
14. In a criminal proceeding, the prosecutor bears ______, meaning
the prosecutor must prove a defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
a) the burden of proof
b) criminal burdens
c) the trier of fact
15. Crimes are divided into the more serious (______) versus less serious (______), a division that is important in determining the severity of
the punishment.
a) illegal activities …. illegal omissions
b) felony …. misdemeanor
c) violent crimes …. petty crimes
2. Discuss the following questions about crime and punishment
with your groupmates using the Active Vocabulary section.
1. Do you think crime rates are higher today than in the past? Why or
why not?
2. What do you think are the main causes of crime in society?
3. Do you think that the media influences the way people perceive
crime? How?
4. How effective do you think the legal system is in our country in
dealing with crime?
5. What measures can governments take to reduce crime rates?
6. How do you think technology is impacting crime rates and law
enforcement?
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7. Does digital evidence help the police investigate a crime?
8. What role does education play in preventing crime?
9. Is there a particular type of crime that you worry about in your
community? What is it? How is it possible to prevent it?
10. Have you ever witnessed a crime? How did it make you feel?
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
CLAUSES: TYPES AND DEFINITIONS
A clause is a group of words containing a subject and predicate and
functioning as a member of a complex or compound sentence. It contains
only one subject and one verb. The subject of a clause can be mentioned or
hidden, but the verb must be apparent and distinguishable. Examples:
• I graduated last year. (One clause sentence)
• When I came here, I saw him. (Two clause sentence)
• When I came here, I saw him, and he greeted me. (Three clause
sentence)
There are independent and dependent clauses.
Independent Clause. It functions on its own to make a meaningful
sentence and looks much like a regular sentence. In a sentence two independent clauses can be connected by the conjunctions: and, but, so, or,
nor, for, yet, etc. They are the firm bases of complex sentences. Examples:
• He is a wise man. I like him. (Two independent clauses)
• Can you do it? Do it, please. (Subject you is hidden)
• I want to buy a phone, but I don’t have enough money. (Two inde-
pendent clauses with the conjunction but.)
• He went to London and visited the Lords. (Subject of the second
clause is he, so he visited the Lords is an independent clause with the conjunction and.)
Dependent Clause. It cannot function on its own because it leaves
an idea or thought unfinished. It is also called a subordinate clause. It helps
the independent clauses complete the sentence. Alone, it cannot form a complete sentence. The subordinators do the work of connecting the depend-
90
ent clause to another clause to complete the sentence. In each of the dependent clauses, the first word is a subordinator. Subordinators include
relative pronouns (that, who, whom, which, whose), conjunctions (and, or,
so, since, for, because, as, but, yet, still, while, if, as soon as, therefore,
moreover, in case, though, etc.), and noun clause markers: that if, whether
(for yes/no questions), question words (how, what, when, where, which, who,
whom, whose, why), ever-words (however, whatever, whenever, wherever,
whichever, whoever, whomever). Examples:
• I know the man who stole the watch. I know that he cannot do it.
(relative pronouns)
• He does not know where he was born. (a question word)
• He is a very talented player though he is out of form. (a conjunction)
• Whoever said that was right. I don’t know whether she will come.
(ever-word, noun clause markers)
Two clauses (at least one dependent and one independent clause) linked
by a subordinator would be a complex sentence.
Complex Sentence.
Complex sentences are at least two sentences joined together. One
independent clause and at least one dependent clause are joined by subordinating conjunctions to make one complete sentence. Without being
attached to the independent clause, the dependent one(s) does not convey a
complete sense when the independent one does. Every complex sentence
can be broken down into three parts: Independent Clause + Subordinating
Conjunction + Dependent Clause (see Figure 2.1) OR Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause + (,) + Independent Clause (see Figure 2.2).
Fig. 2.1. Construction of a complex sentence beginning
with an independent clause
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