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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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22. What is the present value of the house ______ you have made
a new decoration.
a. after
b. since
c. when
d. until
65*. Grammar Revision. Complete each sentence b so that it means
the same as sentence a, using the word in brackets.
1. a. Jack felt bad and stayed at home. (because) b. Jack stayed at home
______ he felt ______ bad. 2. a. It might rain so take your umbrella. (case)
b. Take your umbrella ______. 3. a. I flew because it saved time. (order)
b. I flew ______ time. 4. a. Since it’s Friday, you can stay out later. (seeing) b. ______, you can stay out later. 5. a. These shoes are specially designed so that you can run on grass. (ideal) b. These shoes are ______ on
grass. 6. a. Bad driving is the main cause of road accidents. (of) b. Most
road accidents happen ______. 7. a. Sally must feel great because her exams are over. (now) b. ______ have finished, she must feel great. 8. a. Mike
and Sarah went early in order to get a ticket. (so) b. Mike and Sarah went
early ______ could get a ticket.
66. Grammar Revision: Passive Forms. Reformulate the sentences by choosing the best option; keep the same meanings.
1. James should tell everyone the good news as soon as possible.
a. Everyone should be told the good news.
b. James should be told good news.
c. Everyone should have told James the good news.
2. They didn’t allow anyone to leave before the end of the month.
a. Everyone has been allowed to leave before the end of the month.
b. No one had been allowed to leave before the end of the month
c. No one was allowed to leave before the end of the month.
3. Someone gave me some very nice flowers for my birthday last week.
a. The flowers I was given last week were for someone’s birthday
b. I was given some very nice flowers for my birthday last week.
c. I had been given some very nice flowers for my bi rthday a week
before.
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4. He hasn’t been seen since the examination.
a. He hasn’t seen any one since the examination.
b. No one saw him after the examination.
c. No one has seen him since the examination.
5. The teachers are showing the students how to improve their reading skills.
a. The students see how their reading skills are being improved by
the teacher.
b. The students are having their reading skills improved by the teacher.
c. The students are being shown how to improve their reading skills
by the teachers.
6. Did they tell you anything you didn’t know before?
a. Was anything you didn't know before told to you?
b. Didn’t you know anything they told you before.
c. Isn't what they told you was what you knew before?
7. He should have finished his homework by now.
a. His homework should have been finished by now.
b. His homework will have been finished by now.
c. His work will be finished now.
8. I will never forget the traffic accident as long as I live.
a. The traffic accident was never forgotten.
b. The traffic accident will never be forgotten.
c. The accident would be forgotten.
9. She was making a cake when the electricity went out.
a. The cake was being made when the electricity went out.
b. The electricity was going out as the cake was made.
c. The electricity was going out as the cake was made.
10. The teacher would be giving a note on the students’ notebooks
tomorrow.
a. The notebooks of the students will be given a note on the next day.
b. The students' notebooks would be given a note the next day by the
teacher.
c. The notebooks would be given to the teacher the next day.
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67. Grammar Revision. Complete questions 1–8 with clauses a–h.
Add a relative pronoun only where necessary.
1. Is this the phone ______.
2. What’s the name of the hotel ______.
3. Is Jake the boy ______.
4. This is the jacket ______.
5. Do you like people ________.
6. Can you fetch the DVD ______.
7. Is that the woman ______.
8. Is that the café ______.
a. I wore to Beth’s party.
b. show lots of initiative?
c. you used to text me?
d. you introduced me to a few days ago?
e. husband works in France?
f. is on the shelf in the living room?
g. we stayed last summer?
h. you met Sam?
68. Vocabulary Revision. Complete the sentences by choosing the
words from the list: arson, arsonist, burglars, burgled, looters, looting,
mugger, muggings, shoplifters, shoplifting.
1. Someone set fire to an empty building early this morning. Police
said it was ______ and that they haven’t caught the ______ yet.
2. Someone attacked a woman and stole her handbag. She did not see
the face of the ______. There have been a lot of similar ______ in the area.
3. ______ broke into five shops last night. They took money and goods.
Someone had ______ two of the shops before.
4. After a flood caused damage, ______ took food and tools from several buildings. All of the suspects had received fines for ______ before.
5. Often young people’s friends encourage them to steal from shops.
It seems like a game, but ______ is a crime, and ______ can receive large
fines.
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69. Vocabulary Revision. Match the two parts of the compound
nouns. Write your own sentences with them.
1. a murder ______
2. a ______ ticket
3. ______ gum
4. finger ______
5. ______ records
6. an open-top ______
7. a telephone ______
8. a ______ code
a. car
b. chewing
c. secret
d. dental
e. investigation
f. number
g. train
h. prints
70. Vocabulary Revision. Complete the sentences with the words
from the list: arrest, CCTV footage, culprit, investigation, patrol, searched,
suspect, witnesses
1. As soon as a neighbor reported the murder, the police launched an
______. 2. The police ______ the house for clues. 3. Two detectives have
arrested a ______, a man who has committed many crimes before. 4. The
police can’t make an ______ until they have more evidence. 5. The police
chief was on the news appealing for ______. 6. There are cameras in the
area so the police have ______ to study. 7. A witness came forward and
identified the ______ from a photograph. 8. Several guards ______ the area around the palace day and night to check that everything is secure.
71*. Vocabulary Revision. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs from the list: break, deal, kill, mug, rob, set, smug-
gle, steal, vandalize.
1. Arsonists ______ fire to a shop in the town center last night. 2. Two
teenagers ______ into a house in Kings Road and stole a TV. 3. There’s
a man who ______ drugs on the street near our house. 4. Police arrested two
men who tried to ______ a million cigarettes into the country. 5. An armed
robber shot and ______ a security guard at a bank last Saturday. 6. Three
men tried to ______ a bank, but customers chased them away. 7. My sister
______ some make-up from a cosmetics store when she was fifteen.
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8. Last night two boys ______ a drinks machine near the park. The drinks
machine is now out of order. 9. Two men ______ my uncle in the street
and took his phone and wallet. Luckily, they didn’t hurt him.
ASSIGNMENTS FOR SELF-EVALUATION
Module test 2
1. Grammar. Complete the sentences (1–10) by choosing the best
options (a, b, c).
1. ‘Who’s that over there?’ ‘Oh, it’s our new teacher, ______ just
started work today.’
a. that is;
b. whose;
c. who.
2. ‘Which CD did you get Marcus in the end?’ ‘I got him the one
______ said he really wanted to hear.’
a. which he that;
b. who he;
c. which.
3. ‘Could you collect some evidence for me?’ ‘I’d like you to give
me one good reason ______ I should.’
a. that;
b. why;
c. which.
4. ‘What do you want to do this summer?’ ‘I think we should go
somewhere ______ has plenty of sun and sand.’
a. who;
b. where;
c. that.
5. Residents grew alarmed ______ they noticed armed teenagers on
the streets, giving gang signals and shouting at passing cars.
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a. where;
b. although;
c. when.
6. They had three sons, all of ______ became law enforcement officers.
a. which;
b. whom;
c who.
7. The bank robber opened the door of the bank ______ walked quickly forward.
a. and;
b. hence;
c. where.
8. An old woman told the police officer ______ there were two robbers and both were wearing black masks. ______, she said that one of them
was quite tall, ______ the other was short and well-built.
a. whether …. However … and;
b. that … Moreover …. while;
c. that … Since … but.
9. The cybercrime protection meeting, ______, are on Tuesday
evenings.
a. I look forward to which;
b. which I look forward to;
c. that I look forward to.
10. ______ he had the best lawyer in the city acting for him, the jury
still found him guilty.
a. As soon as;
b. Even though;
c. In spite of.
2. Vocabulary. Fill in the gaps (1–10) by choosing the best option
(a, b, c).
Admissibility of Digital Evidence in Court
One of the more dynamic areas of 1. ______ is that of legal consider-
ations and the admissibility of 2. ______ in court. With more people using
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the web and digital devices to communicate than ever before, it has become
increasingly common for digital evidence to be used against criminals in
their 3. ______. As a result, the laws regarding the 4. ______ of this type
of evidence have changed significantly over the past several years. Generally speaking, digital evidence is admissible in court. However, it is usually necessary for a digital forensics 5. ______ to serve as a testifying
6. ______ to explain what the evidence is, how it was obtained, and where
it came from. To be used in court, digital evidence must be carefully
7. ______ and 8. ______. It must also follow a specific chain of custody to
ensure that it is not tampered with at any point during the 9. ______. Again,
this is where the value of experienced computer forensic investigators is
evident, as these professionals are often 10. ______ not just for gathering
evidence but preserving it and testifying in court.
No
A B C
1.
digital forensics
electronic investigation
automatic forensic
2.
computer data
numerical fact
digital evidence
3.
jurisdiction
prosecution
manipulation
4.
acceptance
feasibility
admissibility
5.
master
authority
expert
6.
witness
bystander
observer
7.
preserved
conquered
secured
8.
authorized
authenticated
asserted
9.
legal process
law proceeding
judicial practice
10.
loyal
responsible
accountable
3. Reading. Read the text and decide if the statements below are
true of false.
Preventing Crime
Effective law enforcement helps reduce crime rates. As such, technologies designed to help law enforcement prevent crime rely on artificial
intelligence (AI) and machine learning to predict when and where crimes
are likely to occur. These technologies build on old techniques law en-
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forcement used before the development and deployment of AI. Law enforcement has used crime mapping, a technique that aims to predict where
crime is likely to occur based on where it has occurred in the past. It helps
police departments decide where to concentrate their resources. Early crime
mapping involved physical maps officers marked with pins to represent recent crimes. With the advent of computers, police could do the same using
a virtual map, and in the 1990s began using a tool specifically developed
for crime mapping known as a geographic information system (GIS).
A GIS is more interactive than earlier crime maps. When officers add
a pin to a physical map to represent where a crime took place, the only information that pin displays is the location of the crime. When officers add
a point to a digital map, they can also add information about the exact time
and date the crime took place along with other details of the crime that may
be useful for analysis. A GIS also contains data layers officers can use to
organize data, with each layer containing a different type of data. For example, one layer may display the roads that run through an area, and a layer on top of that may display the bus routes that run on those roads, and
a layer on top of that may display the bus stops along those routes.
With all the data contained in a GIS, police departments can analyze
trends in criminal activity, but the software only contains historical data
and cannot make predictions. Recent advances in technology have allowed
law enforcement to more accurately predict crime, a technique known as
“crime forecasting,” which builds on crime mapping.
True or False?
1. Technologies are designed to help law enforcement facilitate crime
using artificial intellect and machine learning.
2. Crime mapping is a method that aims to visualize where crime
must occur based on where it has occurred lately.
3. Geographic information system is a tool specifically developed for
crime mapping using a virtual map.
4. When officers add a point to a digital map, they can also add in-
formation about the exact time and date the crime took place along.
5. A GIS may contain data layers which officers use to categorize in-
formation, with each layer containing similar or opposite data.
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MODULE 3. PUNISHMENT
Abstract.
Vocabulary: criminal punishment, civil penalty, severity of the offense, the death penalty, imprisonment, fine, custodial sentence, community service, restoration, probation, incarceration, incapacitation, absolute discharge, conditional discharge.
Grammar: Modal Verbs: Forms, Functions, Meanings.
Reading: Text 3A. Concept of Punishment.
Text 3B. Types of Punishment.
Text 3C. Technological Advancements That Help Solve Crimes.
Listening: The Rights of the Accused; The Death Penalty.
Writing: Agree or Disagree Essay: Punishment as a Solution to Crime.
Learning Objectives.
After studying this module, you should be able to do the following:
1) read and speak about punishment; describe criminal activities and
their consequences, as well as the individuals involved in them;
2) use modal verbs in your oral and written communication;
3) listen to audio texts about the rights of the accused and the death
penalty; express your opinions on whether the accused should have legal
rights and some criminals should be killed for their crimes;
4) write agree or disagree essay on the topics concerning punishments for committing crimes.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. Absolute discharge — освобождение от уголовной ответственности
2. Adhere principles — придерживаться принципов
3. Aggravating circumstances — отягчающие обстоятельства
4. Bring an action — заявить (возбудить) иск
5. Capital punishment — смертная казнь
6. Civil penalty — гражданско-правовые санкции
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7. Community service — общественные работы
8. Conditional discharge — условное освобождение
9. Convicted person — осужденный
10. Custodial sentence — наказание в виде лишения свободы
11. Data mapping crime — преступление, связанное с отображени-
ем данных
12. Death penalty — смертная казнь
13. Deterrence (n) — удерживание от совершения действий
устрашением
14. Defense lawyer — адвокат, защитник
15. Discharge (n) — оправдание, реабилитация, освобождение
16. Encompass (v) — заключать в себе
17. Facilitate (v) — способствовать, облегчать
18. Fine (n) — штраф
19. Foster justice — способствовать правосудию
20. Get a criminal record — получить судимость
21. Impose a punishment — назначить наказание
22. Incapacitation (n) — ограничение дееспособности и/или права
23. Incarceration (n) — заключение под стражу
24. Imprisonment (n) — тюремное заключение
25. Legal statute — правовой статус
26. Legal restrictions — правовые ограничения
27. Mitigating circumstances — смягчающие обстоятельства
28. On behalf of the government — от имени государства
29. Penalty (n) — юридическое наказание
30. Probation (n) — испытательный срок, пробация, система испы-
тания (вид условного осуждения)
31. Punishment (n) — наказание, кара (может относиться к более
широкому диапазону негативных последствий)
32. Reform an offender — перевоспитывать, исправлять право-
нарушителя
33. Restitution (n) — реституция, восстановление первоначально-
го правового положения (об имущественных правах)
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