Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
161
34. Restoration (n) — восстановление (о правах, правовом поло-
жении человека, юридической силе)
35. Restriction of the rights — ограничение прав
36. Retribution (n) — расплата, возмездие, кара
37. Severity and nature of the punishment — тяжесть и характер
наказания
38. Smartphone tracking — отслеживание мобильных устройств
39. Spend the term — отбывать срок
40. Uphold the rules — соблюдать правила
WARMING UP
1. Discuss the following questions about punishment with your
groupmates using the Active Vocabulary section.
1. Why do we punish people who commit crimes? What is the purpose? What different types of punishment can you think of for criminals?
2. Do you think prison sentences are too short or too long these days? Why/
Why not? 3. Do you think punishment is a good way to teach people a lesson? Prove your answer. 4. Should punishments be strict or people be given second chances? Explain your opinion. 5. Do you consider the criminal
law is good in your country or would you change it somehow? In what way?
Give examples to prove your position.
2. There are several different types of legal punishment. Do you
know what the following punishments mean? Explain the meanings of
the punishments using your own knowledge and experience. Give
examples.
PUNISHMENT
MEANING
a fine
a prison sentence
a ban
162
PUNISHMENT
MEANING
capital punishment
a suspended sentence
probation
community service
deportation
3. Think about the crimes mentioned in the left column. Decide on
a punishment/sentence for each crime using the Active Vocabulary section. Think about the severity of the crime, who the victim is in each
case, the degree of suffering involved, etc.
CRIME
SUITABLE
PUNISHMENT
Shoplifting a dress worth $150
Disturbing the peace
(making noise, fighting in the street, etc.)
Murder of a pensioner
Not paying tax
Driving while being drunk
Blackmail
Cybercrime
Genocide
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express conditions such as abil-
ity, certainty, possibility, necessity, permission, request, suggestion/advice,
163
command, obligation/necessity, and habit (see Tables 3.1–3.4). Frequently
used modal verbs include can, could, must, should, may, might, will, and
would. Less common ones like shall, ought to, need are still used in specific contexts. Modal verbs are different from normal verbs. They have the
following features.
• Modal verbs are followed by the infinitive form of the main verb
of a sentence (without to) and remain consistent across subjects, i.e. they
don’t use an ‘s’ for the third person singular. Examples: A detective can
investigate the crime. They must study hard. Mary should leave it until
tomorrow it is late now.
• To form a question, a modal verb is placed before the subject. Ex-
amples: Can she work? Should we speak to the judge?
• To form a negative statement, the word not is placed after a mod-
al verb. It should be noted that can, followed by not, is written as a single
word: cannot. Examples: She cannot work. They could not study at night.
Criminals should not escape their punishment. In spoken English, the following contractions are used: can’t, couldn’t, mightn’t, mustn’t, shan’t,
shouldn’t, won’t, wouldn’t, needn’t, oughtn’t to.
• The following modal verbs have their past forms (Present → Past):
can → could, may → might, shall → should, will → would. The auxiliary
must can refer either to the present or to the past: must → must. Examples:
I think I can do it. → I thought I could do it. He predicts it may rain. →
He predicted it might rain. She knows she must be there. → She knew she
must be there.
• Modal verbs can be used only as auxiliaries they cannot be used
on their own. They cannot be combined with one another. They have no
future, infinitive, gerund, or participle forms, but some modal verbs have
synonymous expressions which may be used instead of the modal verbs
in these cases (modal verb → synonymous expression): can → be able to,
be allowed to, may → be allowed to, must → have to. Examples: I will be
able to work tomorrow. They must be allowed to hire a lawyer. Having to
work a lot with a computer, she should get more exercise.
164
Modal verbs can, could: meaning and functioning
Table 3.1 presents the main forms, functions, meanings, and examples
of modal verbs and their synonymous expressions: can, could, be able to,
be allowed to.
Table 3.1
Meanings and Functioning of Modal Verbs
can/cannot
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Ability/the absence of ability in the
present or future (often with verbs
of perception such as hear, see, smell,
taste, feel, and mental process verbs
such as guess, imagine, picture,
understand, etc.)
Substitute form: be able to, but
it is more formal and
is not as common
• I can speak five languages.
• Children can’t concentrate for long
periods of time.
• I can hear you.
• Can you smell something burning?
• I can guess why you’re angry.
• They are able to do the job faster
than anyone else.
• I’d like to be able to visit her more
often. (to infinitive)
• Will we be able to talk to the singer
after the concert? (future)
2. General truths: we think sth
is usually, but not always, true
• Fireworks can frighten pets.
• Swans can be very vicious.
• Exercise can help reduce stress.
3. Permission/asking for permission
(informal)
4. Prohibition
(say what you must not do)
• Students can use calculators
during the exam.
• Can I come in? (informal) May
I come in? (formal)
• You can’t park there.
• You can’t just take the day off work.
You should have permission in advance.
165
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
Substitute form: be allowed to
• You are allowed to take your
exam in June.
5. Request (informal)
• Can you wait a moment, please?
• Can you help me with this form?
6. Offer, suggestion (informal)
• I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
• Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
7. Possibility
(strong, but weaker than must)
• It can be very cold in New York in
January. (= It is sometimes very cold.)
• Anyone can win this competition. All
the participants are very good.
• I can’t come to the party next week.
8. Strong negative possibility =
cannot/ can’t (не может быть) as the
negative form of must.
A: Who owns this blue coat?
It must be yours.
B: It can’t be mine. It’s too big.
9. Very strong doubt / mistrust = can?
(неужели?)
• Can you find a hotel in August here?
It is impossible!
• Well, how can you be on a diet if you
buy so much chocolate?
could/could not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. ability in the past
• I could speak English last term.
• In the days of sailing ships, it could
take many months to travel
across the Atlantic.
• My son could walk when he was
11 months old. (in general =
мог ходить)
166
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
Substitute forms: was/were able to;
managed to with a slightly different
meaning: if we want to say that
someone did something in a specific
situation, we must use was/were able
to, or managed to + infinitive
If something was particularly difficult,
we use managed to + infinitive,
especially with expressions like in the
end, eventually, and finally
• My son was able to walk when he
was 11 months old. (in particular, for
example, it happened for the first
time = смог пойти)
• There was a fire, but all the workers
were able to/managed to escape.
• I washed it twice but I’m afraid
I didn’t manage to get rid of that stain
on your shirt.
• It took a while, but in the end we
managed to find some cheap flights
on the Internet.
2. permission in the past
Substitute form: was/were allowed to
• You could go to the pool last month,
but now you are ill. The doctor doesn’t
allow you to go there.
• The accused man was allowed
to leave the city.
3. single events that happened in the
past with verbs of the senses (smell,
taste, see, hear, touch, feel etc.) and
mental processes (think, believe,
remember, understand etc.)
• The food was terrible. I could taste
nothing but salt.
• We knew they were in there.
We could hear voices inside.
• He came and spoke to me, but
I couldn’t remember his name.
4. polite request in the present (more
formal and polite than can)
• Could you wait a moment, please?
• Could I go to the cinema, please?
• Could I ask you a personal question?
5. polite offer, suggestion in the present
• I could lend you my
car till tomorrow.
• Could we visit Grandma
at the weekend?
167
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
6. possibility in the present and the
future (stronger than may and might,
but weaker than must and can)
• I could travel in July because
my exams will probably be finished
at the beginning of that month.
• The storm could get worse.
• She has committed a crime.
It couldn’t be true.
7. disapproval: how could you/
she/he/they?
• Grandfather, how could you? How
could you leave me?
• A: We had to give away our dog when
we moved to a dormitory.
B: Oh, how could you?
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
4. Match the meanings of can or could (a–o) with the following
sentences (1–15).
1.
Elephants can be very dangerous.
a.
ability in the present
2.
A hundred years ago, flu could
be very dangerous.
b.
giving permission
3.
Your keys could be
in your other jacket.
c.
ability in the past
4.
This bill can’t be correct.
It’s too much.
d.
polite request
5.
My father can play the violin.
e.
strong possibility in the
present
6.
She couldn’t drive until she was 40.
f.
possibility in the present
7.
Can I make a suggestion?
g.
polite request in the present
8.
Could I use this phone
for a moment?
h.
informal offer
9.
You can have a break now.
i.
a truth/fact about the past
10.
You can’t park here.
j.
polite offer
168
11.
Can you give this letter to Fay?
k.
asking for permission
12.
Could you pass me the salt, please?
l.
prohibition
13.
I can do the shopping if you like.
m.
a general truth/fact
14.
Could I make you a cup of tea?
n.
request
15.
I can’t come to the party next week.
I’m quite sure of it.
o.
impossibility in the present
5. Choose the correct form of can, could, be able to to complete
the sentences (affirmative or negative).
1. Can you read this for me? I ______ see without my glasses. 2. I’ve
never ______ speak Spanish as well as my brother. 3. After 2 years in China, I ______ speak quite fluently now. 4. I hate ______ understand my
French neighbors. 5. When he was 40, he ______ speak six languages.
6. After 6 hours climbing, we ______ reach the top of the mountain. 7. When
I was a child I used to ______ stand on my head. 8. Yesterday I lost my
keys and I looked for them everywhere, but I ______ find them. 9. Sally
wasn’t at home, but I ______ contact her at her office. 10. If you tell him
your problem he might ______ help you.
6. Choose the correct option/s for each gap below. Use can, could,
be able to, managed to where possible.
1. ______ lend me a pen, please? (Choose TWO correct options)
a) Can you b) Could you c) Are you able to
2. Not all countries ______ to manufacture high-quality products.
a) are able b) can c) could
3. She fell into the river, but fortunately the firefighters ______ rescue her. (Choose TWO correct options)
a) were able to b) could c) managed to
4. They ______ unlock the door and escape.
a) can b) could c) managed to
5. When you called yesterday I ______ pick it up because I was in
the shower.
a) couldn’t b) wasn’t able to c) can’t
169
6. You ______stay until late tonight if you want.
a) can b) could c) are able to
7. ______ work from home is a big advantage for parents with young
children.
a) Caning b) Being able to c) To can
8. If you follow the instructions you should ______ set up the computer without a problem.
a) be able to b) can c) could
9. I was alone all morning, so I ______ finish the book.
a) was able to b) could c) can
10. Police officers searched the area but he ______ get away.
a) managed to b) can c) could
11. I’m sure that Nina ______ explain everything when she returns.
a) can b) could c) will be able to
12. One of the boys ______ get out of the cave. He ran to the village
for help.
a) could b) might c) was able to
13. Several criminals ______ escape into the woods.
a) could b) might c) managed to
14. I wanted to talk to Jim yesterday, but I ______ find him.
a) couldn’t b) didn’t c) might not
15. Anyone ______ make a mistake.
a) can b) could c) is able to
7. Use two words — can, can’t, could, couldn’t and an infinitive of
play, read, taste, find, see, speak, swim, smell — to complete each
sentence.
1. Rob ______ Polish really well. He sounds like a native speaker.
2. When I was a girl, I ______ 10 kilometers. 3. The police searched the
whole village for the criminal, but they ______ him. 4. Are you sure you
put sugar in my tea? I honestly ______ it! 5. My great-grandfather was
a very clever man but he ______or write. 6. Did you remember to turn off
the cooker? I ______ something burning. 7. Tim’s a big rugby fan but
170
he ______ any more. He’s too old. 8. The children ______ that the teacher
was very angry.
8*. Put in can, can’t, could, couldn’t to complete the sentences.
If none is possible, use be able to in the correct tense.
1. ______ you swim when you were 10? 2. We ______ get to the meeting on time yesterday because the train was delayed by one hour. 3. He
______ arrive at the party on time, even after missing the train, so he was
very pleased. 4. He’s amazing. He ______ speak 5 languages including
Chinese. 5. I ______ drive a car until I was 34, then I moved to the countryside so I had to learn. 6. I looked everywhere for my glasses but I ______
find them anywhere. 7. I searched for your house for ages. Luckily, I ______
find it in the end. 8. I ______ sleep very well recently. 9. I read the book
three times but I ______ understand it. 10. Sorry, I ______ see you on Friday, but we may ______ meet some time next week. 11. I ______ understand the chapter we had to read for homework. It was so difficult.
12. I ______ lift this box — it’s too heavy! Would you help me? 13. Lucy
______ make it to our meeting after all. She’s stuck in traffic at the moment. 14. John ______ play tennis really well. He’s champion of his club.
15. I ______ understand Martin. I ______ (never) understand him. 16. When
the car broke down, I was really pleased because I ______ solve the problem. 17. Julian ______ play excellent golf when he was only ten. 18. My
grandmother ______ use a computer until last month. Since then, she’s
been taking lessons at the library. 19. Gill ______ play the piano. She’s
never studied it. 20. I used to ______ stand on my head but I ______ do
that anymore. 21. She spoke in a very low tone, but I ______ understand
what she said. 22. Laura hurt her leg, so she ______ walk very well.
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
MODAL VERBS MAY, MIGHT: MEANING AND FUNCTIONING
Table 3.2 presents the main forms, functions, meanings, and examples of modal verbs and their synonymous expressions: may, might, be al-
lowed to.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]