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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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5.
intelligence
intelligent
intellect
6.
investments
study
investigations
7.
issues
challenges
cases
8.
safeguard
prevention
obstacle
9.
sensitive
restricted
classified
10.
engage
prosecute
spend the term
56. Complete the gaps with the following words: identification, de-
tect, threat, fighting, cybercrime, recognition, maintaining, identify, investigations, prosecute.
Technological Advancements Benefit to Law Enforcement
Technology plays a crucial role in the ongoing battle against crime.
With advancements in various fields, law enforcement agencies and security forces are equipped with tools to prevent, 1. ______, and solve crimes
more efficiently. One of the most significant contributions of technology
to crime 2. ______ is the use of surveillance systems. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras (камеры видеонаблюдения) are now widely deployed in public spaces, allowing authorities to monitor activities and quickly
respond to any criminal activity. Furthermore, biometric 3, ______ systems have revolutionized crime investigation. Fingerprints, iris scans, and
facial 4. ______ technologies help law enforcement agencies 5. ______
suspects and link them to specific criminal incidents. This has greatly improved the accuracy and speed of 6. ______.
In the digital age, 7. ______ has become a major concern. However,
technology is also being used to combat this growing 8. ______. Advanced
software and hardware systems are employed to monitor network traffic,
identify potential threats, and protect sensitive information. Additionally,
specialized cybercrime units have been established to investigate and
9. ______ cybercriminals. Crime analysis and prediction have also significantly benefitted from technological advancements. Data mining tools and
machine learning algorithms help law enforcement agencies analyze crime
patterns, identify high-risk areas, and predict future criminal activity. This
proactive approach allows for the allocation of resources where they are
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most needed. With continuous development and innovation, technology
will continue to play a vital role in ensuring public safety and 10. ______
law and order.
Speaking 3
57. Discuss the following statements in the group during the round
table talk. Say if you agree or disagree with them.
1. Technology is only a tool, i.e. an extension of the scientific pro-
cess which forensic practitioners use to help address relevant questions.
2. The technology advances range from sophisticated fingermark detection methods to use of artificial intelligence in different aspects of the
forensic work.
3. The most significant tech advance in digital forensics is the growth
of data.
4. The technological advances produce a new set of challenges in utilizing digital forensics to combat the growing number of cybercrimes and
IP theft.
5. Analogue phone logs, paper-based records would be used to investigate crimes and establish a timeline which was a slow process and only
showed a point in time.
6. Can technology truly reduce crime rates?
7. Facial recognition, big data analytics have significantly improved
the ability to identify and apprehend criminals.
8. Criminals may also exploit technology for cybercrimes, fraud, or
hacking negating the positive effect.
9. The innovations will not completely eliminate criminality as it is
inherent to human nature.
10. Internet has become a novel field for crime and a tool for organized criminal activity.
58. Speak on the technological advancements adding some more
information from the Internet.
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LISTENING ACTIVITIES
Listening 1. The rights of the accused
59. Listen to the passage about the rights of the accused people in
some English-speaking countries. Decide if the following sentences are
true or false. Correct the false sentences.
The audio is available at: https://english-practice.net/
practice-listening-and-speaking-english-for-dailycommunication-the-rights-of-the-accused/.
1. In the new era, English laws have evolved to
give people confidence not be arrested or charged without a very good reason. 2. Prosecutors’ job consists of charging offenders
with breaking the laws and punishing them. 3. Anyone accused of having
committed a crime must be allowed to defend themselves. 4. If a person is
not charged with a crime, a judge will order their release. 5. It is the responsibility of the criminal court to ensure that anyone who cannot afford
a lawyer is provided with one. 6. It is of paramount importance that only
legal evidence that may be used to eliminate the accused person’s guilt is
shared with them and their lawyer. 7. Members of the police force are permitted to enter people’s homes if they believe there may be evidence of
a crime. 8. Trial may be open to the public and might be watched by other
selected citizens.
60. Answer the following questions using information from the
audio.
1. Why does every country need to enforce its laws? 2. What is one
of the most important principles of justice in English-speaking countries?
Why is it important? 3. How vital is it for the accused people to hire an expert lawyer? 4. In what case can the accused person challenge the truth of
any evidence that will be used against them? 5. Is it necessary that a witness can be cross-examined by the accused person’s lawyer. Why? 6. What
must police officers have before entering the person’s property? 7. How
should an accused person be tried?
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Listening 2. The death penalty
61. Listen to the interview about peoples’ attitudes to the death
penalty. Six people discuss if they think criminals should be killed for
their crimes. Complete the sentences below.
The audio is available at: https://www.elllo.org/
english/Mixer001/T007-DeathPenalty.html.
1. I don’t believe in the death penalty because
for me it’s always ______.
2. I think if someone deserves the death penalty,
actually instead of getting a death penalty they should ______.
3. I believe in the death penalty because I think ______ so disgusting
towards the human race.
4. But the problem with it is, is that ______.
5. If we convict someone and then kill him and later find out that
______, then I think that’s a tragedy.
6. The main reason I’m against it, is that ______.
7. ______ is usually the main reason for the death penalty.
8. I get so angry that I think, yeah, just kill that person because ______,
but really, when I calm down, I ______ the death penalty.
62. Listen to the audio again and find the best option to complete
the sentences or answer these questions. Then express your own opinion on the death penalty.
1. Jeannie feels that an eye for an eye ______.
a) helps people learn from mistakes
b) is not a good way to punish people
2. Why does Kate think criminals should spend time in jail?
a) They will feel responsibility
b) They work hard in jail
3. Nitya thinks the death penalty should be used ______.
a) for all crimes
b) for specific crimes
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4. Joel’s problem with the death penalty is that ______.
a) an innocent person might be killed
b) it shows people that murder is okay
5. For Steve, an element of doubt means that ______.
a) he’s curious about the death penalty
b) we can never be 100 % certain what happened
6. Marion believes in the death penalty ______.
a) when she’s really angry
b) for adults only
7. What is one positive effect of the death penalty discussed?
a) There would be less people in jail
b) Criminals would die almost painlessly
c) Criminals wouldn't commit crimes again
d) People would be scared to commit crimes
(for the Audio Scripts, see Appendix 1)
WRITING IN THEORY
Agree or disagree essay:
punishment as a solution to crime
Agree or disagree essay questions are very common for writing tasks.
This type of questions asks you to say whether you agree or disagree with
a given statement and justify your opinion. In this lesson you will consider
agree or disagree essay on the topics concerning punishments for committing crimes. You will learn:
• how to structure your essay;
• how to choose an opinion for agree or disagree question;
• how to generate ideas;
• how to give an answer for agree or disagree question.
The essay structure:
Introduction.
Body paragraph 1 — the 1st reason you agree/disagree.
Body paragraph 2 — the 2nd reason you agree/disagree.
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Conclusion.
Let’s take a look at each of these sections in detail.
Introduction.
Write your introduction in two sentences:
Sentence 1 — paraphrase the statement (you can use ‘it is argued/
considered/thought that’ to start).
Sentence 2 — say whether you agree or disagree with it and extend
your opinion.
Body paragraph 1 — the 1st reason you agree/disagree.
Sentence 1 — state the first reason you agree/disagree. This sentence
should contain the main idea of the whole 1st paragraph. Use words firstly
or first of all to introduce the first reason.
Sentences 2–3 — explain the reason. To explain the reason effectively, you can imagine that your examiner/reader has no knowledge of this
subject at all and you have to explain every detail.
Sentence 4 – example. It’s always good to give examples in your body
paragraphs, even if you’re not asked to do it.
Sentence 5 — a short summary of your ideas in this paragraph.
Body paragraph 2 — the 2nd reason you agree/disagree.
Sentence 1 — state the second reason you agree/disagree.
This statement should contain the main idea of the whole 2nd paragraph. Use words secondly or moreover to introduce the second reason.
Sentences 2–3 — explain the reason (assume that your examiner/reader
doesn’t understand the topic at all).
Sentence 4 — support your idea with an example.
Sentence 5 — a short summary of your thoughts in the 2nd paragraph.
Conclusion.
You can write the conclusion in one sentence that summarizes your
opinion + 2 reasons for it. DO NOT write new ideas in the conclusion!
Let us look at an example of agree or disagree essay.
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Punishment as a Solution to Crime
Writing task: Prison is the common way most countries try to solve
the problem of crime. However, a more effective solution is to provide the
public a better education. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Sample answer.
Some would argue that although punishment is the most pervasive
means of combatting crime globally, education would in fact be far more
efficacious. In my opinion, there are strong grounds for this opinion but ultimately deterrence remains the central core of all legal systems.
Those who favor education are trying to resolve systemic issues. There
can be little debate over the fact that crime is overwhelmingly driven by
necessity. Individuals who have few other options in life are more likely to
see criminal activity as a viable alternative. By educating a population well
and providing at minimum a high school diploma for every citizen, governments can effectively eliminate this motive. For instance, countries with
quality education systems are much less likely to have high crime rates.
However, the solution detailed above is difficult to implement and
the simplest method to discourage crime is to punish criminal acts. There
are many justifications cited for punishment but the most basic is the need
to deter future crimes. A criminal being put in prison does not reverse their
past action but it does deter the same action being committed by other individuals in the future. If there were no punishments or extremely lenient
sentences, it is a near inevitability that individuals would commit crimes,
for a range of motives, more frequently.
In conclusion, education addresses the root causes of crime yet punishment is still a more effective preventative countermeasure. A combination of both is naturally ideal.
Analysis.
1. Some would argue that although punishment is the most pervasive
means of combatting crime globally, education would in fact be far more
efficacious. 2. In my opinion, there are strong grounds for this opinion but
ultimately deterrence remains the central core of all legal systems.
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1. Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
2. Write a clear opinion.
1. Those who favor education are trying to resolve systemic issues.
2. There can be little debate over the fact that crime is overwhelmingly
driven by necessity. 3. Individuals who have few other options in life are
more likely to see criminal activity as a viable alternative. 4. By educating
a population well and providing at minimum a high school diploma for every citizen, governments can effectively eliminate this motive. 5. For instance,
countries with quality education systems are much less likely to have high
crime rates.
1. Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
2. Explain your main idea.
3. Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
4. Keep developing it fully.
5. Short sentences can make your writing clearer.
1. However, the solution detailed above is difficult to implement and
the simplest method to discourage crime is to punish criminal acts. 2. There
are many justifications cited for punishment but the most basic is the need
to deter future crimes. 3. A criminal being put in prison does not reverse
their past action but it does deter the same action being committed by other
individuals in the future. 4. If there were no punishments or extremely lenient sentences, it is a near inevitability that individuals would commit
crimes, for a range of motives, more frequently.
1. Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
2. Explain your new main idea.
3. Include specific details and examples.
4. Add as much information as you can and make sure it links
logically.
1. In conclusion, education addresses the root causes of crime yet punishment is still a more effective preventative countermeasure. 2. A combination of both is naturally ideal.
1. Summarize your main ideas.
2. Include a final thought.
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WRITING IN PRACTICE
AGREE OR DISAGREE ESSAY:
PUNISHMENT AS A SOLUTION TO CRIME
63. Read the following agree or disagree essay and analyze it according to the criteria described in the Writing in Theory section.
Task: Some people think that offenders should be put in prison. Oth-
ers, however, believe that providing offenders with education and training
is more effective than putting them in prison. To what extent do you agree
or disagree? Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Answer.
For thousands of years, people have discussed the different ways of
dealing with criminals, and even in the modern era there is a great degree
of disagreement on this subject. Some believe that prison is an effective
measure, but others argue that education and training would be better. This
essay will look at both sides of the argument and then argue in favor of
a balanced approach.
For centuries, prisons have been used as a way of both punishing criminals and keeping them away from law-abiding citizens. Although it works
as a deterrent and also as a practical means of keeping society safe, it is not
without its controversy. For one thing, prisons are notorious hubs of gang
activity, and impressionable young lawbreakers can easily be moulded into
hardened criminals during a short stint behind bars. Moreover, prisons are
violent places where young offenders can be raped, beaten, or even killed
during their sentence, and when they are released they carry with them the
stigma of their incarceration. This means that they will struggle to return to
normal society and, for this reason, recidivism rates can be quite high in
some places. Thus, although prisons are an effective means of punishing
people and keeping society safe, they are not without substantial problems.
On the other hand, educating and training criminals is controversial
because people tend to think of it as overly lenient. Many law-abiding citi-
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zens believe that those who break the law should be punished harshly or
else there is little reason to adhere to the rules. However, this approach
should not be seen as rewarding criminals but rather rehabilitating people
who were pushed to extreme actions by their unfortunate circumstances.
Statistically, most prison inmates come from backgrounds of poverty and
abuse, so giving them a helping hand can be more beneficial than punishing them and then hoping that they do not return to a life of crime.
In conclusion, this is an extremely complex issue that requires serious scrutiny, but it appears as though prison should be reserved only for
violent and habitual offenders while the majority of petty criminals should
be dealt with through education and training.
64. Write an essay on one of the following topics.
1. Deterrence is justified through preventing future crimes. Some
people think that deterrence ought to secure crime reduction. Other people
believe that the state shouldn’t deter offenders through the threat of punishment. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss both these views and give your
own opinion.
2. Retribution is the punishment which is justified where it is deserved
and an offender should be punished in proportion to his desert. Some people think that the link between desert and proportionality should be observed. However, others believe in the idea of mercy. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
3. Every modern state must sentence convicted offenders for their
crimes. Some people consider the imprisonment of democratic citizens as
a severe punishment and reject sentencing in favor of alternatives to imprisonment. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss both these views and give
your own opinion.
4. Capital punishment refers to the legally recognized imposition of
death as a state penalty. Some people believe that capital punishment is
unnecessarily brutal and in some instances enforced in grave mistake. Others, however, consider this form of punishment eliminates the most horrible criminals from the public and should turn out to be much harmless for
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