Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
.pdf
21
13. You should make your best that the boss ______ be impressed.
a) can
b) might
c) may
d) shall
14. Moby will succeed in his test if he ______.
a) tried
b) tries
c) will try
d) trying
15. My parents will come to see me whenever they ______.
a) have
b) could
c) can
d) shall
16. I told Tom that he ______ mistaken.
a) was
b) is
c) had
d) has
17. He exercises as much as he ______.
a) can
b) could
c) has
d) had
18. My daughter studied hard in order that she ______ succeed.
a) should
b) might
c) shall
d) may
19. The Johns come over faster than we ______.
a) shall expect
b) expect
c) expected
d) had expected
20. She speaks of Roy as though he ______ still alive.
a) was
b) will be
c) being
d) is
21. They placed directions in order that the conference room ______
be known.
a) may
b) could
c) can
d) might
22. At the end of the marathon, Daisy was so tired that she ________
hardly talk.
a) may
b) can
c) could
d) might
23. Since we were applying early, he promised that he ______ give an
early reply.
22
a) should
b) could
c) would
d) must
24. He sold his car because it ______ old.
a) be
b) is
c) was
d) will be
25. I came home as soon as they ______ the lockdown.
a) declared
b) declare
c) will declare
d) declaring
4. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb pro-
vided in brackets. Follow the rules of sequence of tenses.
1. I wish you ______ here with me today. (be) 2. We missed the bus
because we ______ late. (leave) 3. The witness claims that he ______ the
person well. (see — negative) 4. I wish my brother ______ what he was giving up to get what he wanted. (understand) 5. The groupmates did not understand why the student______ in such a manner. (behave) 6. He ______
to leave only after he completes all his tasks. (allow) 7. My parents acted
as if they ______ anything about the incident. (know — negative) 8. Unless you ______ your feelings (express), nobody ______ what you are truly experiencing. (know) 9. The teacher taught us that the Sun ______ in
the East. (rise) 10. Her mother believes that it ______ a great idea. (be)
11. The teacher wanted to know if the students ______ writing the answers.
(complete) 12. When I ______ the station, the train had already left. (reach)
13. Antony will surely feel that we ______ something from him. (hide) 14. If
you do not work hard now, you ______ terribly. (fail) 15. As soon as there
______ any news, one of our representatives will contact you (be). 16. I will
meet you in the cafeteria when the next lecture ______ (finish) 17. The
students were sure that Thomas Edison ______ the first long-lasting electric light-bulb. (develop) 18. Scientists ______ that a black hole exists at
the centre of our galaxy. (believe) 19. By the time the fire was put out, it
______ more than a hundred buildings. (destroy) 20. Later investigations
______ the exact cause of the fire. (never establish)
23
5. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate tense form. Follow the
rules of sequence of tenses.
1. Don’t leave now. It ______.
a) was raining b) has been
raining
c) is raining
2. I will not go unless they ______ me.
a) invite b) have invited c) invited
3. Do you know who ______?
a) am I b) I am c) is I
4. What she did next ______ us all.
a) shocked b) has shocked c) had shocked
5. By the time you reach her house, she ______ to work.
a) will go
b) had gone c) will have
gone
6. He ______ at 100 miles per hour when he met with the accident.
a) is driving b) had been
driving
c) has been
driving
7. His father ______ before he was born.
a) has died b) had died c) was dying
8. There is no light in their room. They ______ to bed.
a) have gone b) had gone c) will be going
9. I knew that she ______ Saint Petersburg before, so I asked her to
recommend a good hotel.
a) has been
visiting
b) visited
c) had visited
10. She promised to help me if I ______ the answer myself.
a) didn’t find
b) won’t find c) wouldn’t
find
11. He said that they ______ each other for many years.
a) have known b) knew c) had known
12. I saw that she ______ to hold back her tears.
a) is trying b) has been
trying
c) was trying
24
13. He knew that she ______ as her eyes were red.
a) has been
crying
b) was crying c) had been
crying
14. I asked her whether she ______ there with me, but she said no.
a) is going b) will go c) would go
15. She said that the robber ______ her when she was opening the
door to her apartment.
a) attacked b) was
attacking
c) had attacked
6*1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list: be (3), do, have,
say, tell, speak, will (2), receive, that (2), them, can. Use the appropriate
verb form according to the rules of sequence of tenses.
The Excuses.
The office was silent. ‘So, let me get this right,’ 1. ______ Alison
calmly. ‘Not one of you is willing to donate some money towards Mr Bart-
lett’s leaving present.’ There was silence again for a moment, then Deidre
2. ______ up, saying that she 3. ______ love to give a donation, but unfortunately her house 4. ______ being painted that week and she 5. ______
not have any space cash at all. Alec was next. He was very apologetic and
said that he 6. ______ meant to bring some money to work 7. ______ morning, but had forgotten. Perhaps tomorrow? Betty said she 8. ______ completely broke at 9. ______ moment in time, and said she 10. ______ not
give anything until she 11. ______ her pay cheque at the end of the week.
Alison stared at them all. She 12. ______ them how disappointed she
13. ______ with all of them, and that she 14. ______ remember their excuses when it was time for 15. ______ to retire. She slammed the door behind her as she left the room.
1
Здесь и далее звездочкой обозначены задания повышенной сложности.
25
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
REPORTED SPEECH: BASIC RULES
There are two ways of relating what a person has said or written: di-
rect and indirect (reported). In direct speech we repeat the original speak-
er’s exact words. In indirect (reported) speech we give the exact meaning
of a speech without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words. Reported
speech always uses a reporting verb, such as say, tell, ask, remind, enquire,
demand, etc. It does not use quotation marks. There are three types of re-
ported speech: statements, questions, and commands. Each type has its
own set of rules and grammar. Examples:
• Direct speech: He says, “I don’t understand this question.”
• Reported speech: He says that he doesn’t understand this question.
• Direct speech: The Acting President said, “The election is being
held today.”
• Reported speech: The Acting President confirmed that the election
was being held that day.
• Direct speech: “What time is it?” he asked.
• Reported speech: He asked what time it was.
• Direct speech: “Don’t forget to lock the door,” she said.
• Reported speech: She reminded us not to forget to lock the door.
Note! Punctuation is important in reported speech, especially when
using quotation marks. Be careful with the use of commas, inverted commas and other symbols in direct speech (see Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1. The use of quotation marks in reported speech
26
Note! The structures of say and tell are different:
1. When using say, we cannot include an object, for example: He
said (that) he was leaving.
2. When using tell, we must include an object, for example: He told
John (that) he was leaving. Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time,
when the person addressed need not to be mentioned, for example: He told
(me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story.
3. Say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it cannot introduce it, for example: “I’m leaving
at once,” Tom said to me.
Inversion is not possible here.
Note! That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it
should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out,
note, report, protest etc., for example: The speaker noted that, under the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
When we turn direct speech into reported, some changes are usually
necessary.
1. Change of Pronouns.
First and second personal pronouns normally change to the third person except when the speaker is reporting their own words. (I = he, she;
me = him, her; my = his, her, the; mine = his, hers; we = they; us = them;
our = their, the; ours = theirs; you = they, them; your = their, the; yours =
theirs; this = that, the; these = those, the). Examples:
• She said, “He is my son.” → She said that he was her son.
• “I am ill,” she said. → She said that she was ill.
2. Change of Verb Tenses.
A. When the reporting verb is in the present or future tenses we can
report the direct speech without any change of tense. Examples:
• Paul (phoning from the station): I am trying to get a taxi.
• Ann (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying
to get a taxi.
27
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense.
Verbs in the direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding
past tense. The reported statement is usually one tense back from the direct speech statement. The changes are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
Change of Verb Tenses in the Past
C. Some modal verbs change when using reported speech, as shown
in Table 1.2.
28
Table 1.2
Change of Modal Verbs in the Past
Note! If the direct speech statement includes any of the following
modal verbs, they do not change when transformed into reported speech:
may, might, would, should, ought to. Examples:
• “I might buy a new car,” said Ryan. → Ryan told me (that) he
might buy a new car.
• “Delegations should limit their statements to five minutes,” Leo
said. → Leo emphasized that delegations should limit their statements to
five minutes.
29
D. If the situation in the reported statement hasn’t changed and is
still true in the present, the reporting verb can remain in the same form.
Examples:
• “My son is four years old,” said marge. → *Marge said (that) her
son is four years old.
• “Vegetables are good for a healthy diet,” he Said. → *He said
(that) vegetables are good for a healthy diet.
*The above examples are still correct if you convert the verbs to their
past tenses. Examples:
• Marge said (that) her son was four years old.
• He said (that) vegetables were good for a healthy diet.
E. The infinitive form can often be used to avoid cumbersome or
awkward constructions in reported speech. Examples:
• Direct speech: It is reported that the situation is grave.
• Reported speech: She told the council that the situation was re-
ported to be grave.
(Awkward: She told the council that it was reported that the situation
was grave.)
3. Change of Adverbs of Place and Time.
A. When we talk about places, if the direct speech statement includes
here, it changes to there in the reported speech. Examples:
• “Have you been here before,” asked Kevin. → *Kevin asked if
I had been there before.
• “They make the best pizza here,” said Brandon. → Brandon said
(that) they made the best pizza there.
*The above examples also depend on where the reported statement is
being made. For example, if the above reported statements are being made
while the person reporting the information is still in the same place where
the conversation took place, the reported speech could also be: Kevin asked
if I had been here before. Brandon said (that) they made the best pizza here.
B. In reported speech, adverbs of time also change as shown in Table 1.3.
30
Table 1.3
Change of Adverbs of Time in the Past
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
7. Write one appropriate pronoun in each gap to complete the
sentences.
1. Tonya said ______ TV was broken and asked if she could come
around to watch the football with us. 2. Your father said that ______ old
newspapers in the garage might be collector’s items. 3. Dana told the kids
she had no option but to punish ______. 4. Wendy said to thank you for
the tomatoes and that ______ were the tastiest ones she’d ever eaten.
5. Before he left, Carsen told his hosts that ______ had been a lovely evening. 6. As soon as he saw the jeans, Bob told us that he had to have ______.
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]