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Файл:Практический английский язык для юристов = Practical English for Law Students. В 2 частях. Ч. 2. Учебное пособие
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Table 3.2
Meanings and Functioning of Modal Verbs
may/may not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. possibility (weak) in the
present and future
• It may rain today.
• The economy may
go up or down next year.
• She may be late for
class this morning.
2. permission in the present (the most
formal and polite):
asking for permission
giving permission
refusing permission
Substitute form: am/is/are allowed to
• May I leave the room, please? Yes,
you may. No, you may not.
• May we use your phone? Yes, you
may. No, you may not.
• You are allowed to know what
is safe to eat.
3. polite suggestion (formal)
• May I help you?
• Maybe we should have a word with
him about it?
4. accepting a different view or opinion
(especially with well, and/or
followed by but)
• One month may well be too long
to go away on holiday.
• I may be wrong but I am going to tell
the police about it.
• The couch may well cost more but it’s
going to be different.
5. general truths (in formal writing,
especially academic English,
to describe things which the speaker
thinks are generally true or possible)
• A typical farmer’s cottage may
be seen in the Ulster Folk Museum.
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might/might not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. possibility
(weak, less possible than may)
• It might rain today.
• The amount you save might be small,
but it’s still worth doing.
• They might not like very hot food.
2. permission (very formal and is not
used very often): The reply to these will
not contain might
A: Might I ask your address?
B: Yes. It’s 41 Ross Avenue.
A: Might I ask you a question?
B: Yes. Of course.
Not: Yes. You might.
3. suggestion (polite or less direct,
especially when used together with like,
prefer or want)
• You might at least try to look like
you’re enjoying yourself!
• Might I help you?
• You might like to try one of our
wonderful desserts. [A waiter politely
suggesting a help and dessert
to a customer.]
4. reporting may in the past
• That may not be true’, she said. She
said that it might not be true.
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
9. Choose the correct modal verb may or might to complete the
sentences below. In some cases, the both modals are possible.
1. If you’ve finished your test, you ______ leave the classroom.
2. They say it ______ rain this evening, so I’m bringing an umbrella. 3. No,
you ______ have another biscuit. You’ve already had six! 4. I think she
_____ be married. She’s wearing a ring. 5. The boys are hungry, so I _____
give them their lunch early. 6. He ______ go out until he's tidied his room.
7. I think my mother ______ be angry when I tell her what happened.
8. You ______ choose any of these options. 9. Lucy didn’t have any wine
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with her dinner. I think she ______ not drink alcohol at all. 10. Sara ______
be a bit late for the party because she must visit her mother first. 11. You
______ use the pool; it’s for hotel guests only. 12. Please ______ I have
some more soup? 13. If you’ve finished eating, you ______ leave the table. 14. The match ______ be cancelled if the weather doesn’t improve.
15. Joe ______ come to the party because he had a lot of homework.
10. Rewrite the sentences using might, might not.
Example: Maybe I will not be there. ⇒ I might not be there.
1. It’s possible that I will come tomorrow. ⇒ I ______ tomorrow.
2. Perhaps she doesn’t know the truth ⇒ She ______ the truth. 3. Maybe
we will have to cancel the wedding. ⇒ We ______ the wedding. 4. Perhaps they will call you for an interview. ⇒ They ______ you for an interview. 5. Perhaps they won't say anything. ⇒ They ______ anything. 6. Perhaps I will never see Karen again. ⇒ I ______ Karen again. 7. It’s possible
that I will go to Italy next month. ⇒ I ______ to Italy next month. 8. Perhaps she isn't at the office. ⇒ She ______ at the office.
11. Complete the sentences with may, might and the words in
brackets.
Example: 1. ______ I (go in and speak)? = May I go in and speak?
2. I ______ you again for months. (not/see) 3. I tell you what you
______ (do) 4. I ______ it from him. (learn) 5. It ______ as hard as you
imagine. (not/be) 6. He asks if he ______ his way. (not/lose) 7. He asked
me if he______. (write) 8. If he has it ______ us. (help) 9. ______ the day
here? (she/not/spend/?) 10. You ______ me when I tell you. (believe) 11. So
that I ______. (not/forget) 12. So fair an opportunity ______ again. (not/
offer) 13. We ______ Cairo, however. (not/reach) 14. The girl ______ him
as a wife. (not/suit) 15. But he ______ back this way. (not/come) 16. You
______ so, but you have. (not/think) 17. It ______ all we can get. (be)
18. My men ______ a clean job. (not/make)
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12. Choose the best option to express possibility.
1. It ______ be possible for him to get home tonight.
a) might b) could c) may
2. He ______ be offered work at that institute after he has graduated.
a) might b) can c) may
3. You ______ imagine that his heart was broken, because despite all
the merits, he did not receive recognition at home.
a) might b) may c) could
4. They who lose today _______ win tomorrow.
a) can b) could c) may
5. This idea, although it seems crazy, _______ be of interest for
scientists.
a) could b) might c) may
6. He ______ be learning English not for very long, he does not understand it well.
a) can b) may c) might
7. I didn’t know where the project manager was at that time, he
______ be anywhere.
a) can b) might c) could
8. We ______ not be able to use this equipment for our experiment.
a) could b) may c) might
9. If situation permits, they ______ go abroad on vacation next month.
a) might b) can c) may
10. It’s quite difficult to find him in the office, we ______ wait for
him for a while.
a) might b) can c) may
11. She ______ have to sell her car and other belongings to pay her
debts.
a) will b) will probably c) might
12. Where is Anna? I don’t know. She ______ be at the swimming
pool or in the park.
a) could b) should c) must
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13. It ______ be as easy as you think.
a) can’t b) couldn’t c) might not
14. I called her but there was no answer. She ______ left for New
York already.
a) may have b) must have c) should have
15. I wonder who wrote that letter ______ Jim have written it?
a) May b) Might c) Could
13*. Complete the sentences with may, might, can, could.
1. I don’t know where Eliza is. She ______ be in her office. 2. Eli-
za’s a good boss, but she ______ be difficult sometimes. 3. We can invite
Filip to dinner tonight, but I think he ______ be too tired. 4. Don’t feed
that dog. You don’t know where it’s from. It ______ be dangerous. 5. You
shouldn’t walk home alone. This city ______ be dangerous at night.
6. Sometimes, the temperature in Antarctica ______ be less than –50 °C.
7. Please, don’t tell John about our meeting. He ______ be angry. 8. There
are many different types of tea. It ______ be white, yellow, green or black.
9. A man ______ do no more than he ______. 10. I will join the expedition
if I ______. 11. He ______ come to see me. He knows that I’m ill. 12. The
Soviet Union ______ launch a satellite into space earlier than the Americans. 13. You ______ eat your cake and have it. 14. One month ______
well be too long to go away on holiday. 15. ______ I interrupt you for
a moment?
GRAMMAR IN THEORY.
MODAL VERBS MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHOULD, OUGHT TO:
MEANING AND FUNCTIONING
Table 3.3 presents the main forms, functions, and meanings of modal
verbs and their synonymous expressions: must, have to, be to, need, should,
ought to.
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Table 3.3
Meanings and Functioning of Modal Verbs
must/must not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Strong obligation and necessity in the
present and future
Substitute form: had to in the past
Substitute form: will have to (future
obligation, especially when talking
about obligations at a particular point
in the future)
Substitute form: be to (obligation
according to the timetable, curriculum,
job responsibilities)
• I must talk to you about
the new project.
• Seat belts must be worn even in the
back of the car.
• I must go to the supermarket
tomorrow.
• Last year, teachers had to make
a report on each child every week.
• He will have to wait five weeks for
his eye operation. Then he will have
to have both eyes operated on.
• The train is to leave in 16 minutes.
• When you come back, you are
to make a detailed report.
• This amount of work is not to be done
in one month.
2. Possibility (very strong, deduction
or conclusion from facts)
• He’s so small. He must be no more
than four years old.
• He falls asleep in class every morning.
He must be tired.
3. Rules and laws
• All passengers must present a valid
photo identification at check-in
for all flights.
• Tickets must be retained and
produced for inspection on request
by any authorized official.
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Meaning and Functioning
Examples
4. Criticism (the question form of must)
• Must you keep playing
that terrible music?
• Why must you mispronounce
my name every time?
5. Advice, recommendation, invitation
or encouragement
• You must come and see us soon.
• You must try some of this chocolate
cake. It’s delicious.
6. Prohibition
• You must not make noise after
9 o’clock.
• You must not give my credit card
details to anyone.
have to/do not have to
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Have to is NOT an auxiliary verb.
We need do/does/did to make negatives
and questions in the present and past.
2. We can use have to in all verb forms
(present, past, future tenses, gerund,
to-infinitive, etc.).
• Do you have to get
up early tomorrow?
• Did you have to change
the sound card?
• We don’t have to stay until the end.
• I don’t like having to get up early.
• She has had to work at weekends
since she started working.
• I had to cancel the meeting.
• I won’t have to wait for long; the bus
comes every ten minutes.
Must or Have to?
3. We normally use have to when there
is an external obligation and must when
the obligation comes from the opinion
of the speaker.
• We have to get up early tomorrow.
The meeting is at nine.
(external obligation)
• We must get up early tomorrow
if we want to finish painting.
(it’s the speaker’s opinion)
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Meaning and Functioning
Examples
Mustn’t or Don’t have to?
4. Don’t have to and mustn’t have
opposite meanings. We use don’t have
to when we don’t need to do sth, when
there’s no obligation, and we use
mustn’t to talk about prohibition, when
there is obligation not to do sth.
• You have to wear a suit at the
meeting. (it’s a rule in the company)
• You must buy a new suit for the
meeting. (it’s my opinion)
• You don’t have to buy a dictionary.
There are many free online dictionaries.
• You mustn’t smoke in this area. =
You are not allowed to/can’t smoke
in this area.
need/need not/don’t need to
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. sth is necessary or not necessary
(usually in questions
and negative forms)
• I needn’t go to the supermarket, we are
going to the restaurant tonight.
• You don’t need to worry about it. I’ll take
care of it.
• Need I go with you? I'm so tired.
should/should not
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Advice, suggestion
• You should drive carefully
in bad weather.
• In my opinion, we should
book another hotel.
• You shouldn’t work so much.
2. Expectations (about what is the ideal
or best thing to do in a situation)
• There should be more public hospitals.
• They should reduce the price of petrol.
It’s so expensive.
• There should be four more candles
on the cake.
179
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
3. Obligation (polite request)
• You should switch off the light when
you leave the room.
4. Possibility (in the context when
it is normal or reasonable to expect sth)
• It should probably be sunny at that
time of year.
• Rest and drink plenty of water. You
should feel better in a day or two.
5. Expectations about the future (in the
meaning of ‘if all goes well’. Should/
should not are not used to predict
something negative or unwanted.
• Shall we start? Luke has delayed but he
says he should be here in ten minutes.
• There should be a lot of people at the
party. Mary has so many friends.
6. Surprise or regret
• I’m amazed that he should
do something so stupid.
• I’m sorry that he should be so upset
by what I said.
ought to/ought not to
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
1. Advice
(similar to should, but ought to sounds
a little less subjective and common)
• You ought to drive carefully
in bad weather.
• You ought not to be so strict
with your daughter.
• Ought we to be more worried
about the environment?
• We ought not to have to pay for basic
medicines, should we? (should is more
preferred than ought we?)
2. Obligation, duty (sth is necessary
or would be a good thing to perform)
what is desired or ideal
• You ought to switch off the light when
you leave the room.
• If there’s any doubt about the rocket’s
engines, we ought to cancel the launch.
180
Meaning and Functioning
Examples
• Men and women ought to be able
to compete for jobs on an equal footing.
• We ought to eat lots of fruit and
vegetables every day.
3. Probability
(sth that you expect will happen)
• He ought to be home by seven o'clock.
• They ought to arrive at lunchtime but
the flight is delayed.
GRAMMAR IN PRACTICE
14. Fill in the blanks with the best option to express necessity or
absence of necessity.
1. During the experiment, the fuses burned out and now they ______
start all over again.
a) are to b) have to c) must
2. This is a very important stage of the test, and you ______ take it
responsibly.
a) are to b) have to c) must
3. The launch of the new equipment was successful, now they ______
issue all the documents.
a) are to b) have to c) must
4. The project ______ be completed on time, regardless of the
circumstances.
a) are to b) have to c) must
5. The calculations are not done accurately enough, you ______ per-
form them again.
a) will be to b) will have to c) must
6. The negotiations ______ start at 4: 00, but it's already 4:30, and
the partners haven't arrived yet.
a) were to b) have to c) must
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